Background Wheat is a cool seasoned crop requiring low temperature during grain filling duration and therefore increased temperature causes significant yield reduction. A set of 125 spring wheat genotypes from International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT-Mexico) was evaluated for phenological and yield related traits at three locations in Pakistan under normal sowing time and late sowing time for expose to prolonged high temperature. With the help of genome-wide association study using genotyping-by-sequencing, marker trait associations (MTAs) were observed separately for the traits under normal and late sown conditions. Results Significant reduction ranging from 9 to 74% was observed in all traits under high temperature. Especially 30, 25, 41 and 66% reduction was observed for days to heading (DH), plant height (PH), spikes per plant (SPP) and yield respectively. We identified 55,954 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using genotyping by sequencing of these 125 hexaploid spring wheat genotypes and conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for days to heading (DH), grain filled duration (GFD), plant height (PH), spikes per plant (SPP), grain number per spike (GNS), thousand kernel weight (TKW) and grain yield per plot (GY). Genomic regions identified through GWAS explained up to 13% of the phenotypic variance, on average. A total of 139 marker-trait associations (MTAs) across three wheat genomes (56 on genome A, 55 on B and 28 on D) were identified for all the seven traits studied. For days to heading, 20; grain filled duration, 21; plant height, 23; spikes per plant, 13; grain numbers per spike, 8; thousand kernel weight, 21 and for grain yield, 33 MTAs were detected under normal and late sown conditions. Conclusions This study identifies the essential resource of genetics research and underpins the chromosomal regions of seven agronomic traits under normal and high temperature. Significant relationship was observed between the number of favored alleles and trait observations. Fourteen protein coding genes with their respective annotations have been searched with the sequence of seven MTAs which were identified in this study. These findings will be helpful in the development of a breeder friendly platform for the selection of high yielding wheat lines at high temperature areas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1754-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Summary Climate change requires breeders and pre-breeders to harness new sources of genetic variation, as having a narrow genetic base is detrimental for continued food production targets projected for 2050 globally. Finding tolerance across alien resources is not an obstacle. It s where that tolerance resides and the nature of the alien source as to its genetic make-up. From the mid-1950s the interest on wild wheats has existed and numerous academic findings emanated, but the most impacting potential that has now become a forte for progress is seen in the closely related diploid (2n=2x=14) progenitor species that are genome-wise homologous to the wheat genome like D (Aegilops tauschii) and A (Triticum urartu ssp. boeoticum, monococcum). Hence from the mid1980s, the wheat progenitor accessional diversity exploitation emerged on the scene. This allowed researchers to target their time based practical productivity returns by selecting the most related alien resources around wheat/alien homologous chromosome pairing to affect a maximum recombination output and exploit the primary Triticeae gene pool. The complementation of just one extensively used resource (Ae. tauschii) has since the 1990s opened up a resource to capture allelic diversity for many stresses, enrich the molecular diagnostic tools and provide outputs that are also extremely valuable for the environmental shifts that are coming up, notably like salinity, drought, and more vital, the heat regimen changes. These new novel wheats known as synthetic wheats based upon the cultivated wheat s D-genome accessional genetic diversity have shown superb promise. This experiment with the same Ae. tauschii accession male parent crossed with different durum cultivars as the female parent (78 entries) is designed to study the inheritance of different genes and also to identify the effect of cytoplasmic inheritance, if any. The total of 78 entries was screened against two biotic stresses (Karnal bunt and stripe rust), phenologically characterized and analyzed with SSRs for molecular characterization.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Mimosaceae plants; Acacia modesta Wall (Phulai), Prosopis cineraria (Linn.) and Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) In the present study the methanolic leaf extracts of three plant species of family Mimosaceae viz., Acacia modesta Wall (Phulai), Prosopis cineraria (Linn.) Druce and Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. were used to evaluate their antibacterial antifungal and antioxidant activity. Simple maceration method was used for the preparation of plant extracts. The extracts were tested against four strains of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera and Enterobacter aerogenes) and two strains of fungi (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus). At 15 mg/ml extract concentration the maximum inhibitory zones observed in Acacia modesta, P. cineraria and P. juliflora were 20, 18 and 25 mm, respectively. P . cineraria gave best response against A. niger and A. fumigatus by producing 15.38 and 8% inhibition, respectively. P. juliflora showed 7.69% inhibition against A. niger. While A. modesta showed 11.53% activity against A. niger and 0.8% against A. fumigatus. The Antioxidant activities of these medicinal plants also showed significant results. Maximum radical scavenging activity (%RSA) was observed in P. cineraria and P. juliflora, that is, 60.48 and 47.82%, respectively, as compared to A. modesta which gave minimum %RSA value of 41.42%.
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