Root systems can display variable genetic architectures leading to nutrient foraging or improving abiotic stress tolerance. Breeding for new soybean varieties with efficient root systems has tremendous potential in enhancing resource use efficiency and plant adaptation for challenging climates. In this study, root related traits were analyzed in a panel of 260 spring soybean with genome-wide association study (GWAS). Genotyping was done with specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq), and five GWAS models (GLM, MLM, CMLM, FaST-LMM, and EMMAX) were used for analysis. A total of 179,960 highly consistent SNP markers distributed over the entire genome with an inter-marker distance of 2.36 kb was used for GWAS analysis. Overall, 27 significant SNPs with a phenotypic contribution ranging from 20 to 72% and distributed on chromosomes 2, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16 and 18 were identified and two of them were found to be associated with multiple root-related traits. Based on the linkage disequilibrium (LD) distance of 9.5 kb for the different chromosomes, 11 root and shoot regulating genes were detected based on LD region of a maximum 55-bp and phenotypic contribution greater than 22%. Expression analysis revealed an association between expression levels of those genes and the degree of root branching number. The current study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of soybean roots, and the underlying SNPs/genes could be critical for future breeding of high-efficient root system in soybean.
Background Breeding for new maize varieties with propitious root systems has tremendous potential in improving water and nutrients use efficiency and plant adaptation under suboptimal conditions. To date, most of the previously detected root-related trait genes in maize were new without functional verification. In this study, seven seedling root architectural traits were examined at three developmental stages in a recombinant inbred line population (RIL) of 179 RILs and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) panel of 80 elite inbred maize lines through quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and genome-wide association study. Results Using inclusive composite interval mapping, 8 QTLs accounting for 6.44–8.83 % of the phenotypic variation in root traits, were detected on chromosomes 1 (qRDWv3-1-1 and qRDW/SDWv3-1-1), 2 (qRBNv1-2-1), 4 (qSUAv1-4-1, qSUAv2-4-1, and qROVv2-4-1), and 10 (qTRLv1-10-1, qRBNv1-10-1). GWAS analysis involved three models (EMMAX, FarmCPU, and MLM) for a set of 1,490,007 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained via whole genome next-generation sequencing (NGS). Overall, 53 significant SNPs with a phenotypic contribution rate ranging from 5.10 to 30.2 % and spread all over the ten maize chromosomes exhibited associations with the seven root traits. 17 SNPs were repeatedly detected from at least two growth stages, with several SNPs associated with multiple traits stably identified at all evaluated stages. Within the average linkage disequilibrium (LD) distance of 5.2 kb for the significant SNPs, 46 candidate genes harboring substantial SNPs were identified. Five potential genes viz. Zm00001d038676, Zm00001d015379, Zm00001d018496, Zm00001d050783, and Zm00001d017751 were verified for expression levels using maize accessions with extreme root branching differences from the GWAS panel and the RIL population. The results showed significantly (P < 0.001) different expression levels between the outer materials in both panels and at all considered growth stages. Conclusions This study provides a key reference for uncovering the complex genetic mechanism of root development and genetic enhancement of maize root system architecture, thus supporting the breeding of high-yielding maize varieties with propitious root systems.
To evaluate the effect of planting distance on yield and agro-morphological characteristics of Bara variety (local variety of rice), a field experiment was carried out at the experimental station of the Agricultural Faculty of Kunduz University in 2016. Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with four replications was used in the experiment. Transplanting distances with four levels viz. 10x10 cm, 15x15 cm, 20x20 cm, and 25 x 25 cm were used as treatment. Results showed that planting distance had significant effects on tillers number, leaf color, non-filled grain, total grain, and 1000 grains weight. In contrary, no significant effects on plant height, panicle length, number of filled grain per panicle and grain yield were observed between spacing. The spacing of 25 x 25 cm had produced the highest performance for most of the agro-morphological traits evaluated. Grain yield was found similar in all spacing but other yield components like total number of tillers (16.63) and total grain per panicle (119.43) were found statistically superior in 25 x 25 cm planting distance. Overall, the results of this study revealed that the planting distance of 25 x 25 cm seemed to be the best as requires lower seed and fertilizer (lower cost) and can, therefore, be suggested to the farmers for a better valorization of Bara variety in northeastern Afghanistan. Similar investigations are strongly recommended in other agro-ecological zones of the country where Bara variety is largely grown to confirm these findings.
Maize (Zea mays L.) root system plays a crucial role in plant fixation and the acquisition of nutrients and water essential for growth and development. Herein, 179 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) obtained from a cross between P014 × E1312 were genotyped via genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and phenotyped for root related-traits at 5 and 15 days after germination (dag) under controlled conditions. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping based on high-density GBS-SNPs bin map was performed, and an overall number of 14 QTLs with a phenotypic variance explained (PVE) ranging from 1.78 to 16.05% were identified. The QTL co-localization was detected at each of the two time-points, and one major QTL region on chromosome 4 was found to be significantly associated with multiple traits, including root projected area (PRA), root surface area (SUA), shoot dry weight (SDW), and total plant biomass (TPB). Compared to previous root-related studies, QTLs located in chromosomal bins 2.09 (qROT5d-2-1), 4.05 (qPRA5d-4-1, qSUA5d-4-1, qSDW15d-4-1, qTPB15d-4-1), 7.06 (qTRL15d-7-1), and 8.09 (qSDW5d-8-1) were found to be novel. Two candidate genes GRMZM2G109056 and GRMZM2G053458, associated with root dry weight trait on chromosome 1, were verified for expression level, and the results showed significantly different expression levels between the two outer parental accessions in primary roots at all evaluated time-points. Thus, the identified loci and genes could play an important role in maize molecular breeding for high yielding varieties. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Rice as a sensitive crop that usually affected by many harmful environmental stresses. Numerous policies are followed to increase plant growth-tolerance under abiotic-stresses in various plant species. The attempts to improve crop tolerance against abiotic stresses via common breeding method are needed to follow a long-term, and may also be non-affordable, these are due to the existing genetic variability of the plant. Current review analysis existing knowledge gaps, challenges, and opportunities in the biochar application as a beneficial and pyrogenic-C, material. Consequently, a review of the literature with a high focusing on the multiple beneficial effects of using biochar on tolerance and productivity of rice in abiotic stresses is needed. This review provides a summary of those efforts that would be beneficial in reducing inconvenienced abiotic-stresses, and also how using biochar could increase rice tolerance and production through the supporting of plant growth regulator's roles. Accordantly, present review findings showed that biochar is a great amendment and consisting of principally organic rich-C matter, which has multiple benefits on improving soil physicochemical and biological properties as well as increasing rice tolerance and its productivity through enhancing plant hormones roles under abiotic stressed conditions (heat/cold temperature, drought, salinity, heavy metal, and climate change stresses). Nevertheless, it is anticipated that further researches on the benefits of biochar will increase the comprehension of interactions between biochar and plant growth hormones, to accelerate our attempts for improving rice tolerance and productivity, under abiotic-stress conditions.
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