A compact self-isolated four-element MIMO antenna is introduced for use in ISM systems and WLAN applications in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. The proposed design consists of four printed dipoles so four integrated baluns are responsible for feeding these antennas. By choosing an appropriate arrangement of the elements next to each other and using the feature of self-isolated antennas, great isolation is achieved in the first step. Finally, by utilizing a printed decoupling component in the space between the dipoles, the value of the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) parameter comes very close to zero for the MIMO antenna. The major part of the isolation in this design is the responsibility of the self-isolated technique, and adding the decoupling element at the last stage of the design is to complete the antenna isolation process. The fabricated prototype of the proposed MIMO antenna operating at 2.25-2.87 GHz frequency band reaches the measured port-to-port isolation of better than 19 dB, ECC of less than 0.0009, the peak gain of 8.6 dBi with total dimensions of 1.11λ0×1.11 λ0×0.34λ0. The numerical and experimental results approve the excellent MIMO performance for 2.4 GHz applications.INDEX TERMS self-isolated, MIMO antenna, WLAN, ISM
Background: The worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori is about 50%. This bacterium needs a number of virulence factors for pathogenesis. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of virulence genes (ureB, cytotoxin-associated gene A [cagA], and vacuolating cytotoxin [vacA]), as well as the antigenic profile in H. pylori strains. Methods: Eighty-five patients with abdominal pain, including 46 H. pylori-positive and 39 H. pylori-negative cases, were enrolled in this study. The serum levels of interleukin (IL)-17F, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon γ (IFN-γ) cytokines were measured by multiplex kits and flow cytometry. After molecular identification by the ureC gene, vacA, cagA, and ureB genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, after antigenic extraction, the whole-cell protein was exhibited by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Results: The prevalence of vacA, ureB, and cagA genes were 91.3%, 67.39%, and 50%, respectively. The frequency of genes and cell surface antigens were not significantly different based on the gastritis severity (P > 0.05). IL-17F significantly (P = 0.046) increased in the presence of 19.5 kDa (outer membrane protein [OMP]). Moreover, the OMP antigen significantly enhanced immunoglobulin A (IgA; P = 0.013). In the presence of the 66-kDa (ureB) antigen, the serum level of IFN-γ increased (p = 0.041). Finally, the CagA protein led to increased IgG antibody levels (p = 0.027). Conclusions: Early detection of H. pylori infection can play a crucial role in managing it. Our results suggest that IL-17F, TNF-α, and IFN-γ cytokines could be diagnostic markers. However, further studies are required to fully investigate this suggestion.
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