The plasma equation of motion of particles in the presence of afield potential per particle and a pressures force beside a resistive force have been used to find a useful expression of thermal pressure and non-thermal pressure. Another expression of ordinary Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with stands for the kinetic energy is derived from the plasma equation with respect to x due to the potential changes only and due to potential changes with change in the density of the number of particles respectively. For non-uniform temperature systems, and non-uniform potential energy per particle, the statistical distribution law is described. This relation is different from where the temperature is assumed to be uniform when the thermal pressure changes due to the temperature change. The statistical distribution law is described when the thermal pressure change due to the temperature change. This relation is different from where the thermal pressure changes due to the change of both particle number density and temperature in this case the plasma equation. Also Statistical Distribution Law from the Plasma Equation in the Presence of Friction has been derived.
Optical properties have many important industrial and scientific applications including heat transfer, contactless temperature measurement, laser technology, optics (mirrors, optical lenses and windows), energy, construction, photovoltaic industries, aerospace and many more. This paper aims to study the optical properties of olive oil when mixed with black seed oil at different quantities (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2) ml, olive oil was obtained from the market and black seed oil was prepared by using a cold-pressing method. The optical properties were characterized using UV/VIS spectrometer, the result display that the increase in black seed oil volume has a small effect on absorption and absorption coefficient but the effect appears as a redshift in wavelength when compared to the reference sample. The reflection, refractive index, and optical conductivity have a constant value which was 0.2 a.u, 2.8, and 1.44×1010 sec-1 respectively. Finally, the optical power band gap of olive oil decreased from 3.33V to 2.60V when black seed oil volume increased. This work will open the door wide for the use of olive oil mixed with black seed oil in various fields of solar cells.
With climate change resulting from the use of fossil fuel sources and the increasing use of energy, the sources of renewable energy is growing interest in, which includes direct use of the radiation from the sun through photo-voltaic cells. Photovoltaic solar cell covers in Sudan are exposed during the year to many environmental factors such as rainfall and dust accumulation in summer, autumn and winter, which weaken the performance of solar cells, as well as the shades of trees and tall buildings which affect the efficiency of these cells in the morning and afternoon. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of mud on the performance when one use glass and plastic covers for solar photovoltaic cells . Four different covers were installed on the photovoltaic solar cells, namely polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), solar glass and ordinary glass for a study to assess their quality for resistance to mud. Experimental work shows that the drop rate of the maximum power and the drop rate of efficiency are 47%, 60%, 49%, and 46% for PC cover, PMMA cover, solar glass cover, and classic glass cover respectively. Thus it is not recommended to use PMMA coating as mud insulation for solar photovoltaic cells.
Research on nonmaterials has become increasingly popular because of their unique physical, chemical, optical and catalytic properties compared to their bulk counterparts. Therefore, many efforts have been made to synthesize multidimensional nanostructures for new and efficient nanodevices. Among those materials, zinc oxide (ZnO) has gained substantial attention owing to many outstanding properties. ZnO besides its wide band gap of 3.34 eV exhibits a relatively large excitons binding energy (60 meV) at room temperature which is attractive for optoelectronic applications. Likewise, cupric oxide (CuO) has a narrow band gap of 1.2 eV and a variety of chemo-physical properties that are attractive in many fields. Moreover, composite nanostructures of these two oxides (CuO/ZnO) may pave the way for various new applications. So in this thesis, eight samples of CuO/ZnO junction were synthesized and exposed to temperatures 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 and 130. The electrical properties of Schottky diode junctions were analyzed by I-V measurements under the influence of direct solar radiation and, lag of radiation (darkness) which shows the semi-logarithmic I-V characteristic curve of the fabricated photodiodes. Also energy band gap was estimated and the morphology and particle sizes of the as-prepared sample were determined by SEM. The SEM images of ZnO + CuO sample films were annealed at 60˚C to 130˚C step 10.
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