This paper discusses historical and technical events in the U.S. and Europe over the last few years that are aimed at modernizing the electric power grid. The U.S. federal government has ratified the "smart grid initiative" as the official policy for modernizing the electricity grid including unprecedented provisions for timely information and control options to consumers and deployment of "smart" technologies. European countries are unified in researching and developing related technologies through various structures supported by the European Union. This paper presents the development of smart grids and an analysis of the methodologies, milestones, and expected evolutions of grid technologies that will transform society in the near future.
This paper presents the analytical, numerical, and experimental results obtained with a double excited synchronous machine (DESM) prototype designed and constructed for an electric vehicle traction system. To obtain a wide speed range, the fluxweakening technique is implemented. Analytical design, 2-D finite element method (FEM) analysis, thermal analysis, and prototype construction of the DESM are discussed, and the performances are assessed with experimental data. Index Terms-Analytical design, double excited synchronous machine (DESM), flux-weakening, prototype, 2-D finite element method (FEM).
Microgrids are small scale power systems with local resources for generation, consumption and storage, that can operate connected to the main grid or islanded. In such systems, optimal sizing of components is necessary to ensure secure and reliable energy supply to loads at the least cost. Sizing results are however dependent on the energy management strategy used for operating the system, especially when components with different dynamics are considered. Results are also impacted by uncertainty on load as well as renewable generation. In this paper, we propose a combined sizing and energy management methodology, formulated as a leaderfollower problem. The leader problem focuses on sizing and aims at selecting the optimal size for the microgrid components. It is solved using a genetic algorithm. The follower problem, i.e., the energy management issue, is formulated as a unit commitment problem and is solved with a mixed integer linear program. Uncertainties are considered using a form of robust optimization method. Several scenarios are modeled and compared in simulations to show the effectiveness of the proposed method, especially with respect to a simple rule-based strategy.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.