Trypanothione is the key molecule in the defence mechanism of Trypanosoma and Leishmania against oxidative stress. The uniqueness of trypanothione makes the metabolism of this molecule an attractive target in antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial drug design. It became clear that this antioxidant cascade can be considered as the "Achilles heel" of these parasites. The following targets and their respective inhibitors will be discussed: biosynthesis of trypanothione with glutathionylspermidine synthetase and trypanothione synthetase; biosynthesis of glutathione with gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase; biosynthesis of spermidine with ornithine decarboxylase; trypanothione hydroperoxide metabolism with tryparedoxine peroxidase, tryparedoxine and trypanothione reductase.

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Arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification that is crucial in modulating gene expression at multiple critical levels. The arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are envisaged as promising druggable targets but their role in physiological and pathological pathways is far from being clear, due to the limited number of modulators reported to date. In this effort, enzyme activators can be invaluable tools useful as gain-of-function reagents to interrogate the biological roles in cells and in vivo of PRMTs. Yet the identification of such molecules is rarely pursued. Herein we describe a series of aryl ureido acetamido indole carboxylates (dubbed “uracandolates”), able to increase the methylation of histone- (H3) or non-histone (polyadenylate-binding protein 1, PABP1) substrates induced by coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), both in in vitro and cellular settings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of compounds acting as CARM1 activators.

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Alzheimer's disease is a form of sporadic, age-related dementia. According to the "amyloid hypothesis", the processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) leads to the formation of senile plaque aggregates which subsequently congest normal neurological functions. Currently, prophylaxis is testimonial, while treatment relies mainly on symptomatic relief. This review emphasizes the importance of disrupting the pathological processing of APP via alpha-secretase activators, beta- and gamma-secretase inhibitors, and compounds that bind APP. The style of writing should appeal to those with strong interests in medicinal chemistry with an equal balance of medicine and chemistry.