During this study, the principal aim carried out was to obtain more information about technique and conservation conditions of the Egyptian wall paintings during the Roman period in the funerary house in necropolis of Tuna el-Gabal, El-Minia-Upper Egypt. It's going back to 2 nd century AD and involves different sites of Ptolemaic and Roman chapels; some are in the immaculate established style while others are a blend of Pharaonic-Greek style and both are secured with mural painting. Deterioration problems observed on the wall paintings of the funerary house are, loss of plaster layers, disintegration of plaster layers, loss of paint layers (blistering and peeling), discoloration and severely damaged owing to a lot of deterioration factors as weakness of mud brick support, deterioration of surface treatments and to the widespread presence of different salts. The materials used in the painting, preparation layers and the state of conservation of the mural painting at funerary house were investigated by integrated physio-chemical measurements, particularly micro-Raman spectroscopy (µRaman), light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (EDX), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). In addition, the morphology of multilayer plaster from wall painting was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). A wide color palette utilized as a part of the necropolis has been identified with mineral pigments and pigment mixtures. It is found that, the paints were based on an organic binder and traditional pigments (azurite, hematite, ochre, vegetable black) were used as colorants on plaster. The examination demonstrated that the preparatory layer is verging on made of pure lime while the plaster layer based mainly of lime and gypsum with variable amounts of quartz. The obtained results provided information about the painting technique, chemical
The Egyptian Pharaonic temples are traditionally made of different stones (limestone granite, diorite, or sandstone and quartzite) shaped into large heavy blocks or as Colossal statues. One of these is the colossi of Thutmose II and Amenhotep III at Karnak temple which made out of red quartzite from Gebel el-Ahmar, located at north-east of Cairo. Quartzite is one of the famous stones that were widely used during the heights of ancient Egyptian civilization. The Colossi of Thutmose II and Amenhotep III were subjected to many exogenous and endogenous deterioration factors which causes of a severe damage of the stone materials. In this study we documented the weathering of these quartzite colossal statues using field recording and laboratory analysis to evaluate their conservation state. Weathering and deterioration aspects noted through light optical microscope (LOM), polarizing microscope (PM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mineralogical characterization was performed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Energy dispersive analysis (EDX). The mineralogy and weathering study of quartzite on the Colossi of Thutmose II and Amenhotep III illustrate a succession of geochemical processes which have taken place at the colossi and it revealed that, they need for quick intervention.
By studying the phenomena of limestone built from the White Monastery in Sohag Governorate damage where this study discusses the results of the analyzes and the study's petrographic limestone, we can study and discuss what has been done to analyze X-ray diffraction and X-ray flourecence, and by scanning electron microscope in order to determine the cause of the damage and to study the properties of limestone to choose the most appropriate treatment methods especially the internal structure affected by the environmental conditions surrounding the private and increasing ground water levels along with the use of the most appropriate ways to buffer water to conserve the limestone of the environmental factors that damage it.
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