Intestinal Schistosomiasis is one of the most public health problems caused by blood-dwelling flukes in the world especially where irrigated Schemes established with bad sanitation. The objective is to determine the prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis among school children in White Nile State-El Qeteena Locality, Sudan. A school-based descriptive study design was conducted among basic school children at White Nile sugar scheme, El Qeteena locality during the period December 2014 to April 2015. A standardized administered questionnaire was developed, then pre-tested and used for data collection and stool examination was done for a total of 480 school children were selected. The collected data through the questionnaire and the checklist were analyzed using the SPSS. The overall prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis was 25.6%. The highest prevalence of S. mansoni was reported in the age group (9-12) years 47.2% followed by the group over 12 years (31.7%). The overall prevalence of (15.4%) for female and (84.6%) for the male. Inadequate numbers of latrines with bad sanitation were the main risk factors associated with the disease transmission. On the basis of the results and according to the statistical analysis there was a relation between environmental sanitation and the prevalence of infection. The intestinal schistosomiasis infection is important health problem among school children and further control program must be done in the area of the study.

Background Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by infection with an intestinal coccidian parasite Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium species are the second leading cause of diarrheal disease and death in children in developing countries. Until now, no data have been available or published on its prevalence among children with diarrhea in Sudan. Therefore, this paper was designed to determine the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium among children with diarrhea under 5 years who were admitted to Kosti Teaching Hospital. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study including children under 5 years old admitted to the pediatric section of the hospital between September 2020 and December 2020. A total of one-hundred and fifty stool samples were collected. All stool samples were examined using the modified Ziehl Neelsen (mZN) staining technique and then examined microscopically for Cryptosporidium infection. Results A total of 150 children were examined out of which 70 presented with diarrhea. A greater prevalence of 19/70 (27.1%) of Cryptosporidium was observed in children with diarrhea than children without diarrhea 7/80 (8.8%). There was a significant relationship between the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and the presence of diarrhea in children under 5 years in the Kosti Teaching Hospital(P < 0.05). It was found that a higher prevalence was registered among children using piped-water sources for drinking. Conclusions The overall prevalence of parasite detected was 17.3% among children admitted to Kosti Teaching Hospital. The prevalence rate of the infection among Children with diarrhoea was 27.1%. Studying the prevalence rate of cryptosporidiosis among diarrheic children may predict their health status, leading to a better diagnosis, treatment, and, therefore, patients’ status improvement.

COVID-19 is a global pandemic viral infection that has affected millions worldwide. Limited data is available on the effect of COVID-19 on hematological parameters in Saudi Arabia. This study is aimed at examining the role of hematological parameters among COVID-19 patients admitted to King Khalid Hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. This is a retrospective, hospital-based study of 514 cases who were recruited during August to October 2020. 257 COVID-19 patients formed the study group, and a further 257 negative subjects formed the control group. Anemia was significantly elevated in positive subjects over controls (respectively, 64.2% and 35.8%), with patients 2.5 times more likely to be anemic ( p < 0.01 ). Thrombocytopenia was higher in patients over controls (respectively, 62% and 38%), with patients ~1.7 times more likely to be thrombocytopenic ( p < 0.01 ). Moreover, leukopenia was significantly higher in patients over controls (respectively, 71% and 29%), with positive subjects ~2.6 times more likely to be leukopenic. Our study results indicate that mild anemia associated with leukopenia may have diagnostic value for COVID-19. Careful assessment of hematological parameters, at baseline and throughout the disease path, will assist physicians in formulating personalized approaches to treatment and promptly offer intensive care to those in greater need.

Background: Cryptosporidiosis is the disease caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, which associated with economic losses and the public health problems in human. Objectives:The aim of this study was to detect C.parvum, compare between modified ZN staining technique and trichrome staining and study the role of a parasitological techniques for recovery of cryptosporidiosis among diarrheic patient's admitted to Kosti teaching hospital, White Nile State, Kosti city, Sudan. This representative is a comparative study was conducted from Methods: A total of three hundred stool samples were collected from diarrheic patients, the samples were examined using Formal ether concentration technique and staining techniques and the samples were preserved in schauddins fixative. Results:The overall results of parasite detected by modified ZN stain was 18%, and by trichrome stain 5%. The detection of C.parvum was higher in female than male. Conclusion:The study showed that modified ZN staining technique is the most sensitive and accurate so will be recommended to be use as first choice in diagnosis of Cryptosporiduim parvum. Citation: Tamomh AG, Suliman MA, Cedric KK,et al. The role of two parasitological staining techniques in diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis among diarrhoeic patient's admitted to kosti teaching hospital, white nile state, sudan.

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Background: Black and Yellow individuals of various ethnic populations may differ in the immunity to infectious diseases. Objectives: Our study aimed to explore and compare the detailed production characteristics (protein, activity, and affinity) of antibodies against blood group (natural antibodies), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Salmonella typhi to find the differences in anti-infectious immunity between Black and Yellow populations. Methods: Serum samples of Black and Yellow healthy individuals were collected, diluted in serial dilutions, and several immunological methods were used. Entire antibody features of all antibodies were calculated, according to the results obtained for each dilution. Results: The affinity of natural antibodies, anti-HBs, and S. typhi O antibody was significantly higher among Black individuals than Yellow individuals (P < 0.05). The activity of all antibodies among Blacks was higher than Yellow individuals (P < 0.05). The protein content of all antibodies was significantly higher among Blacks (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Clearly, differences between Black and Yellow individuals for protein, activity, and affinity among different antibodies may lead to exploring the differences in anti-infectious immunity or understanding the incidence of infectious diseases among different races.

Background: Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by infection with an intestinal coccidian parasite Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium species are the second leading cause of diarrheal disease and death in children in developing countries. Until now, no data have been available or published on its prevalence rate among children with diarrhoea in Sudan. This paper was therefore, designed to determine the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium among diarrhoeic children under 5 years admitted to Kosti Teaching Hospital. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study including children with ages under 5 years old admitted to the paediatric section of the hospital between September 2020 and December 2020. A total of one-hundred and fifty stool samples were collected. All stool samples were examined using the modified Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining technique, and examined microscopically for Cryptosporidium infection. Results: A total of 150 children were examined out of which 70 presented with diarrhoea. A greater prevalence of 19/70 (27.1%) of Cryptosporidium was observed in children with diarrhoea than children without diarrhoea 7/80 (8.8%). There was a significant relationship between the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and the presence of diarrhoea in children under 5 years in Kosti Teaching Hospital(P<0.05). It was found that a higher prevalence was registered among children using pipe water for drinking.Conclusions: The overall prevalence of parasite detected was 17.3% among children admitted to Kosti Teaching Hospital. The prevalence rate of the infection among Children with diarrhoea was 27.1%. Studying the prevalence rate of cryptosporidiosis among diarrheic children may predict their health status, leading to a better diagnosis, treatment, and therefore, patients' status improvement.