An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Egypt affected approximately 40,000 cattle and water buffaloes and killed more than 4,600 animals during February-March 2012. To investigate the etiology of the 2012 outbreak, specimens were collected from six governorates and analyzed using universal primers to amplify the 5' untranslated region (UTR) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Only FMDV-SAT2 was detected, with an overall detection rate of 80.3 %. Complete VP1- and leader-proteinase-coding sequences, obtained from three isolates from three different governorates, were compared with previously reported sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences indicated that the circulating viruses were homogeneous and were closely related to topotype VII. Importantly, the newly emerged viruses were genetically closely related to strains isolated from Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea and Cameroon between 2000 and 2010, suggesting the dominant nature of this virus and underscoring the need for worldwide intensive surveillance to minimize its devastating consequences.

This work reports the emergence of hospital- and community-acquired CTX-M-type enzymes in the Edinburgh area of Scotland.

The present study evaluated the effects of dietary onion (Allium cepa)powder and its extracts on growth, blood biochemical parameters, non‐specific immune parameters and potential disease resistance against pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Oreochromis niloticus. Fish formulated diets containing onion powder (1% or 0.5%) or onion alcoholic extracts (1% or 0.5%). At the end of the experiment, the weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly increased than control. Besides, red blood cells (RBCs) and haemoglobin (Hb) showed a significant increase with insignificant changes of leukocytic cells count (WBCs), triglycerides, creatinine and uric acid levels. Results showed significant increase of total protein and albumin, and significant enhancement of innate immune response including serum globulins, serum antiprotease, lysozyme activities, myeloperoxidase content and the phagocytic index compared with the control group. Meanwhile feeding on onion increased superoxide dismutase, catalase activities and glutathione‐S‐transferase but significantly decreased hepatic peroxidase. The cumulative mortality of O. niloticus injected with A. hydrophila exhibited relatively low mortality levels in all onion supplemented groups. The relative per cent survivals were 100%, 100%, 80% and 70% in 1% onion powder, 0.5% powder, 1% extract and 0.5% extract groups, respectively, compared with control (60%). Additionally, there was a significant increase in relative immune gene expressions of interleukin 1‐beta (IL‐1β), and transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) in head kidney tissues of treated groups than the control. These results confirm the anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative activities of dietary onion with its beneficial effects on growth performance and disease resistance against A. hydrophila in O. niloticus.

Fish farming has always involved a risk of microbial infections, especially those caused by pathogenic viruses, for which chemotherapeutics are generally ineffective. Viral nervous necrosis (VNN), otherwise known as viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused

Toxoplasmosis is an infectious zoonotic disease caused by protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Detection of T. gondii infection with touchy and particular strategies is a key advance to control and prevent toxoplasmosis. Genotyping can explain the virulence, epidemiology and setting up new methodologies for diagnosis and control in human and animals. The point of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of T. gondii in sheep and goat in Egypt and to comprehend the genetic variety of T. gondii isolates circling in Egypt. Blood samples were gathered from 113 ewes and 95 she-goats from three Egyptian governorates (Cairo, Giza and Al-Sharkia). Also blood and tissue samples were gathered from 193 sheep and 51 goats from Cairo and Giza abattoirs. All samples were assayed serologically utilizing ELISA and OnSite Toxo IgG/IgM Rapid test cassettes (OTRT) tests and the tissue samples of the seropositive animals were digested and microscopically examined then bio-assayed in mice as viability test. All the T. gondii isolates undergo molecular identification using PCR and genotyped utilizing nPCR/RFLP analysis of SAG2 gene. The total seropositivity of live sheep and goat was 47.15 and 39.2% utilizing ELISA and OTRT respectively. Concerning abattoirs, seropositivity, positive microscopic examination, mice viability from sheep samples were 47.1%, 37.3% and 44.1% respectively while that of goats were 45.5%, 33.3% and 48.6% respectively. Eighteen T. gondii isolates were affirmed utilizing PCR. Genotyping confirmed 10 isolates (55.5%) as type II, 6 (33.3%) as type III and 2 (11.1%) as atypical genotypes. Type II and III are the genotypes mostly circling among small ruminants in Egypt and this is most significance for the public health in Egypt.