The overt and subclinical hypothyroidism is more prevalent in patients with diabetes mellitus than in general population. Recently, more studies have been warranted to elucidate the relationship between thyroid hormones disorders and the insulin activity. The present study aims to investigate the correlations between the thyroid hormone levels in subclinical and overt hypothyroid patients with the insulin resistance and their impact on serum lipid profiles and kidney function. Methods:A total of fifty newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients were recruited for the study and classified into: 1) Subclinical hypothyroid (SH) group: n-26; 2) Overt hypothyroid (OH) group: n=24, and control (C) group: n=18. Fasting blood was collected and serum was used for biochemical analysis. Results:The fasting serum insulin, glucose levels and the estimated insulin resistance index (HOMA) of the SH and OH groups were significantly (P<0.001) elevated compared to control. The regression analysis reviled a significant negative correlation between FT 4 and insulin (r=-0.32, P=0.04) and significant positive correlations between TSH and insulin (r=0.57, P=0.002), between TSH and HOMA (r=0.51, P=0.001), between HOMA and uric acid (r=0.37, P=0.02), and between TSH and TG (r=0.47, P=0.002). The serum creatinine, urea and uric acid concentrations were significantly (P<0.001) elevated in the OH group but not the SH. The serum total cholesterol, TG and LDL-cholesterol were significantly elevated in both SH and OH. Conclusion:Hypothyroidism is associated with insulin resistance, renal impairment, hyperurecemia and dyslipidemia, which are atherosclerotic risk indicators. The TSH had maximum impact on the changes. Subclinical and overt hypothyroid patients with elevated TSH are at high risk of developing atherosclerosis, thus may need close monitor to contain the rise in plasma TSH.• Subclinical hypothyroid (SH) group: n=26 patients (M=9, F=17) with serum TSH>4.0 mU/L and with normal FT 4 and FT 3 levels;
Administration of gentamicin to rabbits intramuscularly at a dose of 80 mg/kg per day for 5 days induced nephrotoxicity exhibited by significantly (P < 0.001) elevated serum urea and creatinine levels and a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in renal cortical alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, in addition to tubular necrosis revealed by the histopathological examination of the kidney cortices. The deranged parameters returned to normal within 1 week of drug withdrawal, except the cortical ALP activity, which was still significantly lower compared to control. In contrast, feeding of 2% cholesterol-supplemented diet (CSD) to the rabbits for 15 days did not produce any nephrotoxic effects. However, the concurrent feeding of CSD for 15 days and gentamicin treatment at a dose of 80 mg/kg per day for 5 days, starting from day 10 of feeding, resulted in extensive nephrotoxic effects which were more severe than those observed with the gentamicin alone, with delayed recovery of the injured kidney following drug withdrawal. Gentamicin treatment produced significant elevation in serum total cholesterol, which was greater in animals fed with CSD. The serum triglyceride levels in the groups injected with gentamicin were also significantly greater than their respective controls. However, the serum phosphlipids were significantly reduced with gentamicin treatment and this reduction was greater in animals fed with cholesterol and treated with the drug. The liver cholesterol contents in animals fed with the CSD were significantly higher than those fed with the plain diet. However, the kidney cortices of the animals injected with the gentamicin showed significantly increased total phospholipid contents compared to their respective controls. On the other hand, the liver function was not altered in any of the experimental groups. In summary, the present results suggest that cholesterol feeding exacerbated the gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Moreover, it delayed the period required by the injured kidney to recover back to normal. However, neither gentamicin treatment nor cholesterol feeding, or both together, had any injurious effects on the liver.
Introduction: Hyperthyroidism is associated with insulin resistance, whereas its effect on pancreatic insulin secretion is controversial. The present study was aimed to investigate the influence of hyperthyroidism on the insulin availability and sensitivity and their correlations with the thyroid hormones in patients from Hail region in Saudi Arabia.
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