It is currently estimated that infections and inflammatory responses are linked to 15-20% of all deaths from cancer worldwide. Many studies point to an important role of inflammation in prostate growth, although the contribution of inflammation to benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer is not completely understood. There is an unmet need for epidemiologic and molecular pathologic approaches to address the issue of inflammation and prostate cancer. Here we review the published evidence with respect to the involvement of inflammation and infection in prostate cancer. We also present an overarching hypothesis that chronic inflammation associated with aging and infection may play an important role in the etiology and progression of prostate cancer. As such, chronic inflammation may represent an important therapeutic target in prostate cancer.

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Exercise could also result to reductions in obesity and oxidative stress and a modulation of immune responses in prostate cancer patients. 15 Exercise causes reductions in circulating levels of testosterone and insulin-like growth factors 16,17 therefore reducing the development and spread of neoplastic cells. Apart from exercise, testosterone levels are controlled by diet, 18 and this may contribute to variances in exercise response among various populations. 19 The aim of this review was to evaluate the association between physical activity and prostate cancer. In this review, we outlined relevant studies concerned about exercise-mediated changes in prostatic growth and progression from 1980 to 2018. These mediated changes are linked to the role of consistent physical activity in improving the quality of life, physical fitness and averting the progression of prostate cancer among individuals diagnosed of prostate cancer. Methods Search strategy We searched for studies that reported on exercise-mediated changes in the prostatic tumour risk and progression from 1980 to 2018. The following electronic databases was used: PubMed, Science

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Background: Occupational exposure plays a huge role in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevalence of kidney cancer (KCa) and bladder cancer (BCa) worldwide. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the association between occupational exposure and risk of KCa and BCa. Method: We identified peer-reviewed articles published in English by searching PubMed, Embase, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and Cochrane databases. We selected articles published between January 2018 to May 2019. We summed up all relative risk estimates to ensure accuracy, comprehensiveness and maximize statistical power given the low absolute occupational risk of KCa, occupational risk of BCa and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). We reported this systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and metaanalyses (PRISMA) checklist. Quantitative analyzes was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 3 (Biostat, Inc, Englewood, New Jersey, USA). Results:We found no significant association between occupational exposure and KCa (OR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.94-1.34), but there was a significant association between occupational exposure and BCa (OR 1.54, 95% CI: 1.44-1.75). Conclusion:From the result of our qualitative and quantitative analysis there was no significant association between occupational exposure and KCa whereas there was a significant association between occupational exposure and BCa.

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Radical removal of the tumor is the key for a successful curative cancer surgery. The target of radical prostatectomy [RP] was to completely resect the tumor. Positive surgical margins [PSM] following RP are associated with high risks of biochemical recurrence [BCR] and secondary treatment. This literature highlights the significance of PSM, how to manage and how the robotic radical prostatectomy could prevent it. It also evaluates the currently available literature to spot the PSM-associated factors and how to manage them, the characters of PSM including number, size, site, Gleason score at the margin and their role in the recurrence, lastly, the novel imaging and surgical approaches that may reduce or eliminate the risk of PSM in the future.