A greenhouse experiment was conducted in the experimental farm station of plant pathology research institute during 2015 season at three times of application of biotic and a biotic elicitors, to evaluate the efficient antagonistic bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens, Cyanobacterial strain Spirulina platensis and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato plants. Nematode reproduction, Plant growth characters, endogenous hormones, anti-nematocidal protein markers as response to induction of SAR in leaves was recorded. Data recorded that using Bacillus subtilis at the same application time of M. incognita recorded 86% and 88% reduction of root galls and egg masses respectively. All tested elicitors appeared significant reduction in nematode reproduction. Also data revealed that treated tomato plants with tested elicitors recorded more significant values of growth characters. This was the fact when being compared with those of non-treated plants. Moreover, data revealed that contents of both GA and IAA were markedly decreased in infected plants than that of healthy ones. At the same time, marked increases in the contents of JA and ABA were observed in infected plants as being compared with healthy ones. On the other hand, results showed different responses as regards the determined hormones due to the application of different used elicitors. On the other hand, the results appeared that, a new pattern of proteins were produced, as well as, different increasing in the density of bands according to the type of used elicitors and also to the time of application.

Purpose Numerous applications of compatible salts (osmolytes) as ectoine in food and pharmaceutical industries have been intensively increased nowadays. Decreasing the cost of industrial production of ectoine using low-cost cultivation media and improving the yield through modeling procedures are the main scopes of the present study. Methods Three statistical design experiments have been successfully applied for screening the parameters affecting the production process, studying the relations among parameters and optimizing the production using response surface methodology. Results A novel semi-synthetic medium based on hydrolyzed corn gluten meal has been developed to cultivate moderate halophilic bacterial strains; Vibrio sp. CS1 and Salinivibrio costicola SH3, and support ectoine synthesis under salinity stress. Two regression equations describe the production process in the new medium have been formulated for each bacterial strain. Response surface optimizer of the central composite model predicts the maximum ectoine production is achieved at incubation time; 63.7 h, pH; 7.47 and salinity; 7.27% for Vibrio sp. CS1 whereas these variables should be adjusted at 56.95 h, 7.089 and 10.34%; on the same order regarding Salinivibrio costicola SH3. In application studies, 50 lg ectoine decreases RBCs hemolysis due to streptolysin O toxin by 21.7% within ten minutes. In addition, 2% ectoine succeeds to increase the viability of lactic acid bacteria in Yogurt as a classic example of functional food during the storage period (7 days). Conclusion The present study emphasizes on modeling the process of ectoine production by halophilic bacteria as well as its activity as a cryoprotectant agent. Keywords Moderate halophiles Á Ectoine Á Full factorial design Á Central composite design Á Streptolysin O toxin Á Lactic acid bacteria

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The effect of ascorbic acid (50 and 100 ppm), benzyl adenine (50 and 100 ppm) and paclobutrazol (25 and 50 ppm) foliar application on growth, yield and some physiological parameters of sesame (Sesamum indicum var. Shandawil 3) plants were determined. All treatments caused a great improvement in growth parameters (shoot height, root lengths and number of leaves as well as fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots) of the developed plants. Paclobutrazol was more effective than other treatments in enhancing chlorophyll contents and carotenoid content. The results also showed that nearly all of the treatments tended to increase total soluble carbohydrates and protein contents in sesame plants. The changes in proteolytic, amylolytic and lipolytic activities were also recorded. This was associated by improving yield quality and the nutritional value of the seeds. The effect of paclobutrazol was superior to that of ascorbic acid, benzyl adenine on increasing yield components. The percentage of the highest lipid was recorded by 50 ppm of ascorbic acid, whereas the highest carbohydrates and proteins of the yielded seeds were observed with plants treated with 100 ppm benzyl adenine.

This research examine the actual growth, yield and certain metabolic activities of quinoa plants in response to foliar treatments with GA 3 50 ppm, JA 20 ppm and Asc. 50 ppm. Plants were grown in natural clay loamy soil conditions and treated with every of the aforementioned treatments. The treated plants showed significant responses in most of the growth and yield characteristics (lengths of shoots and roots, number of branches/plant, number of leaves/ plant, plant biomass and weight of 1000-seed). Also, these treatments caused significant increases in the contents of photosynthetic pigments, soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins and total phenols content. This was the case during the entire duration of time period of the experiment. Egypt, Seeds of quinoa were sown in plots (4 m width and 10 m length). The plot contained 12 rows, 70 cm apart and the hills were spaced at 20 cm distance. Lit of seeds were sown in each hill, and the stand was later thinned to two plant per hill. Land preparations, agricultural operations followed the normal practices of crops cultivation in the clay loamy soils, the 12 rows divided into 4 groups representing the following treatments: Stimulatory Effect of Hormones1. Tap water (control) 2. Gibberellic acid (50 ppm) 3. Jasmonic acid (20 ppm) Ascorbic acid (50 ppm)The plants of Chenopodium quinoa Willd were treated triple with the above mentioned treatments (as foliage spraying). The first treatment was made when the age of plants was 30 days, while the second treatment was made when the age of plants was 60 days and the third treatment was made when the age of plants was 90 days. The plant samples were collected for analysis when the plants were 40 (Stage I), 70 (Stage II) and 100 (stage III) days old. At the end of the growth season (170 days), analyses of the seeds yielded from the different treatments as well as the control were done. Analysis of soilAnalysis of soil were record Physical properties and chemical properties (Tables 1 and 2). Measurement of soil and growth parametersShoot length (cm), root length (cm), number of leaves per/plant, number of branches per/plant, fresh and dry weights of shoots (g/ plant), fresh and dry weights of roots (g/plant), weight of 1000-seeds (g) were determined at different growth stages. Chemical analysisPhotosynthetic pigments were estimated using the method of Ref.[23] Contents of soluble carbohydrates were measured according to the method of Ref. [24]. Contents of soluble proteins were estimated according to the methods of Ref. [25]. Phenolic compounds were estimated according to the methods of Ref. [26]. total lipids were estimated according to the methods of Ref. [27]. Total saponin were estimated according to the methods of Ref. [28,29]. Statistical methodsAll statistical calculations were done using computer programs. Microsoft excel version 10 and spss (statistica package for the social science version 20.00) statistical program at 0.05 level of probability [30] the One-way ANOVA was presented using percentage, mean ±stand...

Responses to antioxidants are reported in this research. Some indigenous plants have catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase activity (POD) as scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for mitigating environmental circumstances. In May 2019, physicochemical parameters such as EC, TDS, TSS, pH, HCO3, CO3-, Cl-, and SO4 were measured. Five locations in Egypt's Saint Katherine Mountain were chosen. During the sampling process, A statistical analysis of Physico-chemical components discovered considerable variations in numerous chemical and physical soil variables among diverse wadis. Changes in HCO3 were found to be non-significant, but substantial and highly-significant variations in other chemical and physical property measures were discovered among the five wadis examined. The current study found that in a stressed ecosystem, the plants chosen overcome the stress by altering their stress enzyme activities, implying evidence of adaptive mechanisms to thrive in a stressful environment and the suitability of three plant species-Phlomis aurea, Ballota undulata, and Nepeta Septemcrenata for environmental matrices (as indicators), particularly under altered climatic conditions.

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The aim of this article is assess the influence of environmental factors (especially edaphic)