Accurate and frequent information about waterlogging problems is very necessary for the sustainable land management. The objectives of this research are to detect and mapping the vegetated and waterlogged areas in a newly reclaimed desert land in Siwa oasis, using remote sensing data and techniques; and suggest a future plan to solve the waterlogging problem. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) algorithms were applied on four Landsat images (2009, 2012, 2015 and 2018) to detect and map the vegetation and waterlogging states, respectively. The results of NDVI revealed that the cultivated land was increased by 2.3 times in nine years (2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018) due to private land reclamation process. The results of MNDWI indicated that the waterlogged area was increased remarkably by 21 times during nine years, where it increased remarkably from 19 ha in 2009 to 393 ha in 2018. The development of the waterlogged areas was most likely due to the increase in the surface water level of Lake Aghormy North of the study area, as well as the trapping of the agricultural drainage water and well-water overflow between the sand dune formations. This study recommended a strategy to solve the waterlogging problem, which include the establishment of a surface drainage network covering the study area. This network should be connected with a main drain at the Northern border of the study area. This strategy will enhance the drainage conditions and solve the waterlogging problem in the area.
Water erosion by flash floods is one of the major threats to the sustainable development and the environment. Recently, in Egypt, flash floods occurred frequently, causing loss of life and destruction of ecosystems. The objectives of this study are to assess the hazards of the November 5, 2015 flash flood in wadi Alhaytah watershed in Egypt using GIS and remote sensing, and develop a flood control strategy that reduces an unexpected flood risk. Two Sentinel-2 satellite images were selected for the study, which acquired on August 16 and November 14, 2015. The maximum likelihood supervised classification technique was applied on the two images to produce temporal land use/cover (LULC) maps. The hazards of the flash flood and water erosion were assessed through monitoring of LULC changes between the two dates. A flood control strategy was proposed for the watershed through a developed GIS procedure. Results indicated that the catchment area is characterized by remarkable variations in elevations and slopes. Assessment of flood hazards revealed that 32.23 km 2 (3223 ha) and 1.04 km 2 (104 ha) of the cropland and fish farms, respectively, were removed or destroyed, which would affect the national agricultural production and food security. Therefore, fifty six suitable locations of storage dams were spatially proposed in the catchment area to mitigate unexpected floods, prevent loss of human and animal lives, decrease soil erosion, enhance soil moisture, and increase the yield of the existing aquifers, especially ground water is the only water resource available for agricultural development in the region.
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