Water supply and industrial activities have a common attribute of being insufficient water resources. Both are involved in water footprint and water consumption Nexus, meaning that industrial water consumption is impacting the water footprint of water treatment plants within the same area. Therefore, in order to achieve the environmental sustainability of water resource, the requirement of having effective approach in water utilisation accounting is crucial. Thus, water consumption for industrial activities and water footprint of Semambu water treatment plant has been a case study to link the nexus. As the industrial development is expanding each year, water demand for water supply also increases. Generally, heavy industrial activities consume more water than the other types of industries. In this study, heavy industrial activities of water consumption show an impact towards total water footprint of the particular water treatment plant in Kuantan river basin. In 2018, the percentage of highest industries that exist is manufacturing sector with 32% while the lowest is 1% compared to 2015, 2016 and 2017 that only scored 30% for manufacturing sector respectively. This shown that there is an increment growth in manufacturing sector in 2018 when they suddenly go up 2% higher compared to 3 years previously. The results focus on total water footprint accounting of Semambu water treatment plant (WTP) and the impact of total blue water consumptions for industrial activities. Finally, total water footprint of water treatment plants in Kuantan river basin will be sustained to cater the industrial needs except for Semambu WTP since Semambu is a gazetted area for industrial. Hence the new method of water utilisation for the industrial activities must be proposed to decrease the dependent towards WTP, especially in Semambu area.
Red algae species, Euchema Spinosum (ES) in Malaysia possesses excellent biosorbent properties in removing dyes from aqueous solutions. In the present study, the experimental design for the biosorption process was carried out via response surface methodology (RSM-CCD). A total of 20 runs were carried out to generate a quadratic model and further analysed for optimisation. Prior to the evaluation, the characterisation study of the ES was performed. It was observed that the maximum uptake capacity of 399 mg/g (>95%) is obtained at equilibrium time of 60 min, pH solution of 6.9-7.1, dosage of 0.72 g/L and initial dye concentration of 300 g/L through statistical optimisation (CCD-RSM) based on the desirability function. It is demonstrated in the present study that the ANN model (R2=0.9994, adj-R2=0.9916, MSE=0.19, RMSE=0.4391, MAPE=0.087 and AARE=0.001) is able to provide a slightly better prediction in comparison to the RSM model (R2= 0.9992, adj-R2= 0.9841, MSE=1.95, RMSE=1.395, MAPE=0.08 and AARE=0.001). Moreover, the SEM-EDX analysis indicates the development of a considerable number of pore size ranging between 132 to 175 mm. From the experimental observations, it is evident that the ES can achieve high removal rate (>95%), indeed become a promising eco-friendly biosorptive material for MB dye removal.
Red algae species, Euchema Spinosum (ES) in Malaysia possesses excellent biosorbent properties in removing dyes from aqueous solutions. Studies had been made on the effect of pretreatment and reusability of this species as a biosorbent for economic viability. In the present study, physical and chemical pretreatments processes were employed on the ES. Desorption using seven different eluents (hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium chloride (NaCl), nitric acid (HNO3 and deionized water). Caharacterization of ES biosorbent was conducted using FTIR to investigate the active functional group responsible in the biosorption process. It was observed that the pretreatment process does not enhance the uptake capacity of ES. Among of the six eluents used, it is suggested HNO3 as an effective eluent with 51% desorption efficiency. Through regeneration study, HNO3 as eluent can promote four times of biosorption-desorption cycles. FTIR confirm the functional groups such as –OH, –NH and –COO- are responsible for the MB dye biosorption. The experiment displays that the ES does not require any pretreatment procedure to improve biosorption efficiency and has the capability of regeneration hence suggesting that ES is indeed an economical biosorptive material for MB dye removal.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.