Flood spreading (FS) is one of the suitable methods for flood management and water harvesting that increases the groundwater recharge, makes soil more fertile and increases nutrients in soil. It is also a method for reusing sediment, which is usually wasted. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of flood spreading on physical and chemical soil properties (soil texture, infiltration rate, pH, EC, Na, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO 3 , and SO 4 ). It is examined that the soil properties change in the flood spreading projection area (FSP). The physico-chemical properties of soil and infiltration rate were measured in different soil depths at both flood spreading and control area. For the 20 cm of top soil, the amount of clay increased after the flood spreading implementation especially in the first and second dikes. Increasing clay was accompanied by decreasing soil infiltration and sand percentage. The mean differences of the clay, sand and infiltration rate between FSP and the control area were statistically significant (P < 0.01). A significant difference was not observed in 20-30 cm of the depth. Soil pH, Mg, HCO 3 , Cl and SO 4 in different soil layers did not show any significant difference between the control and FSP. Soil EC in 0-20 cm depth of FSP and control area was showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) but no significant differences were found in deeper layers (P < 0.05). K, Na and Ca were remarkably different between 0 and 10 cm depths (P < 0.05) whereas no significant differences were found in deeper layers (P < 0.05). Comparison of the physico-chemical properties and infiltration rates between the dikes in the FSP shows that there are the significant differences between the medians of dike 1 with dikes 2, 3, 4 and 5, but the differences were not observed between dikes 3, 4 and 5. Our results show that the flood spreading operation can be influenced by the area that is under R. Ghazavi et al. this operation. This study allowed us to investigate the mechanisms that regulate the infiltration rate and chemical soil properties throughout a seasonally flooded area.
No ideology needs history so much as nationalism. History is indispensable to its romantic narrative, essentialist conceptual structure and apocalyptic claim to truth. Nationalist discourse is historicist; it relies on genealogy for the legitimation of the nationalist cause, on the historicization of the national origin for the affirmation of the self and the denial of the other. But history is also the Achilles heel of nationalism. Nationalist historical discourse is repeatedly denounced by historians for distorting the truth, misrepresenting the historical reality of the formation of nations and nation-states. Nationalist historians are criticized for being subjective, partisan and ideological by “objective” and seemingly non-ideological historians who likewise construct historical narratives by selecting and at times inventing historical subjects and historicizing their thoughts and actions. Many of the charges levelled against nationalist historiography concern the epistemology of empiricist historiography in general, and all historiography which is concerned with extracting the truth from given facts on the assumption that they are identical with the real signified by them is by definition empiricist. This is as true as the errors of nationalist historiography.
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