Thermo-gravimetric and differential thermo-gravimetric analyses were performance to study the effect of temperature on the mineralogical compositions of rice husk ash subjected to different grinding time. Eight rice husk ashes with different grinding time, i.e. coarse original rice husk ash (RHA0), RHA1, RHA2, RHA3, RHA4, RHA5, RHA6, and RHA7 were used for the study. The TGA/ DTA analysis and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used through this investigation. On the other hand, the pozzolanic activity index of the RHA was assessed in accordance with ASTM C 311-11a. From the experiment, it was found that the greater the weight loss, the less the crystallinity of the RHA. In addition, there are no significant differences in chemical compositions of the rice husk ashes with different grinding time. Furthermore, when the grinding time increased from 1 hour and 30 minutes to 5 hours, there was a significant drop in the pozzolanic index.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between water quality of river with heavy metal and sediment content in Sungai Kenau at Pahang using new developed model named WQ-HeMeS. Through this study, water quality has been analysed by using Water Quality Index (WQI) & National Water Quality Standard for Malaysia (NWQS). Water quality of river in Sungai Kenau have been observed by several test which are Dissolve Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Ammoniacal Nitrogen, Total Suspended Solid, Phosphorus and Nitrogen as Nitrate. Meanwhile, the sedimentation rate was determine using Schoklistch method and Duboy method. There are 2 condition for heavy metal considered in the analysis which are heavy metal in water and heavy metal in sediment. Heavy metal in water was tested using laboratory tools named as Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) while heavy metal in sediment have been determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The classification of heavy metal in water have been done based on NWQS meanwhile heavy metal in sediment were observed based on Index of Geo-Accumulation and Metal Contamination Factor. After collecting all result from lab testing, the the relationship of water quality, sedimentation rate and heavy metal rate both in water and sediment was determine using generated model. Based on Malaysia WQI Standard, the result shown that water in Sungai Kenau is classified as Class I which means as for water supply, there are no treatment is necessary.
Moringa oleifera was tested as a coagulant for its excellent coagulating properties in the treatment of water and wastewater. Moringa oleifera is a tropical plant belonging to the family of Moringaceae, besides being a non-toxic and natural organic polymer. The aim of this study is to investigate the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from landfill leachate using Moringa oleifera through a coagulation-flocculation process. In this study, Moringa oleifera was used as a coagulant. Jar test experiments were employed in order to determine the optimum conditions of coagulant dosage and pH. The conditions of Moringa oleifera dosage of 20 mL and pH 2 were found to be optimal in the effective treatment of the landfill leachate. The study has proven that Moringa oleifera is a good natural coagulant for water treatment. Furthermore, only a small quantity of Moringa oleifera is required in treating a large amount of leachate.
The simulation of rainfall-runoff is important to be analysed at the Kelantan River catchment as flood is one of the common natural disasters in Kelantan. Sustainable water management in this region is only feasible following the availability of reliable information on the rainfall-runoff and other hydrological determinants that affect the water system. This study aims to evaluate the effects of extreme rainfall on the runoff at the catchment of the Kelantan River where recurrent floods have been occurring since 1988 to 2019. The study employs the remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) integrated with the Hydrologic Engineering Center–Hydrologic Modelling Systems (HEC-HMS) to delineate the catchment line and simulate the river discharge. The observed discharge is used during the calibration and validation process to evaluate the performance of the integrated model. The model performed satisfactorily by obtained R2 with the range of 0.80-0.97 and 0.64-0.93 in each sub-catchment during the calibration and validation period. The finding indicates that the developed HEC-HMS model has the ability to simulate event-based runoff.
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