Many visual analytics systems allow users to interact with machine learning models towards the goals of data exploration and insight generation on a given dataset. However, in some situations, insights may be less important than the production of an accurate predictive model for future use. In that case, users are more interested in generating of diverse and robust predictive models, verifying their performance on holdout data, and selecting the most suitable model for their usage scenario. In this paper, we consider the concept of Exploratory Model Analysis (EMA), which is defined as the process of discovering and selecting relevant models that can be used to make predictions on a data source. We delineate the differences between EMA and the well‐known term exploratory data analysis in terms of the desired outcome of the analytic process: insights into the data or a set of deployable models. The contributions of this work are a visual analytics system workflow for EMA, a user study, and two use cases validating the effectiveness of the workflow. We found that our system workflow enabled users to generate complex models, to assess them for various qualities, and to select the most relevant model for their task.

We present RNNbow, an interactive tool for visualizing the gradient flow during backpropagation training in recurrent neural networks. RNNbow is a web application that displays the relative gradient contributions from Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) cells in a neighborhood of an element of a sequence. We describe the calculation of backpropagation through time (BPTT) that keeps track of itemized gradients, or gradient contributions from one element of a sequence to previous elements of a sequence. By visualizing the gradient, as opposed to activations, RNNbow offers insight into how the network is learning. We use it to explore the learning of an RNN that is trained to generate code in the C programming language. We show how it uncovers insights into the vanishing gradient as well as the evolution of training as the RNN works its way through a corpus.

When inspecting information visualizations under time critical settings, such as emergency response or monitoring the heart rate in a surgery room, the user only has a small amount of time to view the visualization "at a glance". In these settings, it is important to provide a quantitative measure of the visualization to understand whether or not the visualization is too "complex" to accurately judge at a glance. This paper proposes Pixel Approximate Entropy (PAE), which adapts the approximate entropy statistical measure commonly used to quantify regularity and unpredictability in time-series data, as a measure of visual complexity for line charts. We show that PAE is correlated with user-perceived chart complexity, and that increased chart PAE correlates with reduced judgement accuracy. 'We also find that the correlation between PAE values and participants' judgment increases when the user has less time to examine the line charts.

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