Climate change adaptation (CCA) is an emerging topic in recent years since global temperature is continuing to rise and posing threats to natural biodiversity and human life. Its diverse nature requires efforts from a broad range of sectors to cope or adjust. This review paper aims to systematically study the cross-sectoral approaches in CCA decision making and develop probable strengths and shortcomings of those approaches. Literatures concerned with Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method, or Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) are reviewed since it is considered as a holistic approach to integrate multiple sectors and combine monetary and non-monetary terms prevailing in sectoral and regional aspects, mainly in agriculture and water resource management. The literatures were searched through Scopus and PRISMA method was adopted to systematically refine the published articles based on our criteria. Out of 383 articles discovered, 139 were related to CCA out of which, 33 articles which applied MCA as their methodological approach were shortlisted for the core study. The result showed that MCA is extensively used in CCA decision making, prioritizing options, and formulating adaptation strategies at local and regional scale and considered as a flexible, transparent, and effective method because of an active engagement of stakeholders and experts’ judgement. But its inability to address the underlying uncertainties of climate change scenario is one of the major drawbacks seen. Thus, many literatures suggest incorporating Sensitivity analysis, Dynamic Adaptive Pathways, Real Option Analysis, or Robust Decision-Making Analysis with MCA to overcome those deep uncertainties.
Anxiety is a common characteristic of many patients in a dental practice setting. It is estimated that in western populations, approximately 10% to 40% undergo dental anxiety while rates are higher in non-western populations. Dental anxiety is an important challenge for many patients and clinicians and is most prime barriers to optimum and high-quality dental care. Some factors that could lead to dental anxiety include painful extractions, injections, age, gender and past dental experiences. Research have shown that extreme cases of dental anxiety can lead to the avoidance of dental visits, which then in turn results in poor oral health, and patients only seek for help when the pain becomes unbearable. This research will provide dentists a better understanding on the awareness of dental anxiety among patients and to also help them plan suitable treatments (Figure1). The aim of this study was to investigate the differences and assessment of the dental anxiety levels between genders and among medical undergraduate, postgraduate and nursing students of AIIMS, Rishikesh, India. This was a cross-sectional study using a questionnaire where an estimate of up to 500 students were asked to answer some questions upon receiving their written consents. The questionnaire included their personal demographics data and the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) questions. The degree of anxiety was compared in relation to different factors. Data collected was analyzed using chi-square test and one-way ANOVA.
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The construction of dams and reservoirs for hydropower generation has been increasing in major river basins around the world. These dams store huge amounts of water thereby reducing the streamflow in the low-lying regions. Such changed seasonality of streamflow has various socio-economic and environmental consequences. Downstream dwellers are left with reduced water for their daily lives, irrigation, fisheries, and ecological services, resulting in conflicts. This paper aims to study the benefit loss of downstream communities caused by the operation of a huge reservoir in the upstream area for hydropower purposes. The benefits are calculated in terms of economic benefit through hydropower, irrigation, fisheries in both upstream and downstream communities through simulation of socio-hydraulic changes after the reservoir operation. The study area is located in Nam Ngum River Basin, a tributary of the Mekong River in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). The Nam Ngum 1 Reservoir and its downstream region, which includes the capital city &#8220;Vientiane Capital&#8221; will be studied. Nam Ngum 1 Reservoir is the largest and oldest reservoir of Lao PDR storing about 8.5 billion m<sup>3</sup> of water. The methodology includes 2 operations: reservoir operations and economic benefit calculations. The results obtained from the simulation will certainly help to address the economic problems associated with an uneven share of water and will help in the further investigation and adoption of integrated water resource management in other regional, national or transboundary scales as well.</p><p>&#160;</p><p>Keywords: dam operation model, integrated water resource management, benefit loss, reservoir operations</p>
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