IMPORTANCE The electronic health record (EHR) is a source of practitioner dissatisfaction in part because of challenges with information retrieval. To improve data accessibility, a better understanding of practitioners' information needs within individual patient records is needed. OBJECTIVE To assess EHR users' searches using data from a large integrated health care system. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cross-sectional analysis used EHR search data from Kaiser Permanente Northern California, an integrated health care delivery system with more than 4.4 million members. Users' EHR search activity data were obtained from April 1, 2018, to May 15, 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Search term frequency was grouped by user and practitioner types. Network analyses were performed of co-occurring search terms within a single search episode, and centrality measures for search terms (degree and betweenness centrality) were calculated. RESULTS A total of 12 313 047 search activities (including 4 328 330 searches and 7 984 717 result views) conducted by 34 735 unique users within 977 160 unique patient EHRs were identified. In aggregate, users searched for 208 374 unique search terms and conducted a median of 4 searches (interquartile range, 1-28 searches). Of all 97 367 active EHR users, 34 735 (35.7%) conducted at least 1 search. However, of all 12 968 active EHR physician users, 9801 (75.6%) conducted at least 1 search, and of all 1908 active pharmacist users, 1402 (73.5%) conducted at least 1 search. The top 3 most commonly searched terms were statin (75 017 searches [1.7%]), colonoscopy (73 545 [1.7%]), and pft (54 990 [1.3%]). However, wide variation in top searches were noted across practitioner groups. Terms searched most often with another term in a single linked search episode included statin, lisinopril, colonoscopy, gabapentin, and aspirin. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although physicians and pharmacists were the most active users of EHR searches, search volume and frequently searched terms varied considerably by and within user role. Further customization of the EHR interface may help leverage users' search content and patterns to improve targeted information retrieval.
Government and non-government organizations throughout the world are investing a lot in education because it is a primary tool to reduce poverty and crime in society. Still, the drop-out rates in primary as well as K12 education creates big worries for upcoming demands. This requires new strategies to make education motivating and improve student's commitment in learning. Student learning needs to be more flexible in time and place with interesting assignments and engagements. Technology can play a vital role in this and can enrich the student leaning in many ways. However, with the advent of new educational tools, their affordability and access has become a significant concern for the schools. The cost factor for adopting technology in education can be addressed by cloud computing technology. School education on cloud computing platform will facilitate the low-cost technology access with inherent features like flexibility, privacy, scalability, provisioning, reliability, and security. Cloud computing-based school education infrastructure will inculcate the participation and self-evaluation skills in the students. This chapter reviews the educational attainment and educational challenges in indifferent countries including the choice of subjects in K12 education for students as well as the technology options available for the students. It then outlines the school education improvement strategy with integration of cloud computing benefits in the school education system.
Healthcare of individuals is very important; hence, the healthcare data needs to be managed very professionally. These requirements have become more stringent with the population aging and the growing attention to healthcare by the people. Cloud computing has emerged as a prominent solution to the computing demands of healthcare organizations, and a number of cloud-based solutions are available in the market. However, different users of the healthcare systems have different expectations from the cloud, and these must be taken into account while migrating to cloud. This article presents the implications of cloud computing solutions for the present day healthcare scenario. Prominent cloud-based healthcare services have been presented along with their specific applications. Considering the different users of healthcare systems, a holistic approach has been presented for the deployment of a cloud-based healthcare system. The deployment approach is suitable for all different levels of the healthcare organizations.
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