Patients with cardiovascular disease and diabetes are at potentially higher risk of infection and fatality due to COVID-19. Given the social and economic costs associated with disability due to these conditions, it is imperative that specific considerations for clinical management of these patients be observed. Moreover, the reorganization of health services around the pandemic response further exacerbates the growing crisis around limited access, treatment compliance, acute medical needs, and mental health of patients in this specific subgroup. Existing recommendations and guidelines emanating from respective bodies have addressed some of the pressure points; however, there are variations and limitations vis a vis patient with multiple comorbidities such as obesity. This article will pull together a comprehensive assessment of the association of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity and COVID-19, its impact on the health systems and how best health systems can respond to mitigate current challenges and future needs. We anticipate that in the context of this pandemic, the cardiovascular disease and diabetes Bhaskar et al.CVD and Diabetes in COVID-19 Era patients need a targeted strategy to ensure the harm to this group does not translate to huge costs to society and to the economy. Finally, we propose a triage and management protocol for patients with cardiovascular disease and diabetes in the COVID-19 settings to minimize harm to patients, health systems and healthcare workers alike.

The coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is deepening the inequity and injustice among the vulnerable communities. The current study aims to present an overview of the impact of COVID-19 on equity and social justice with a focus on vulnerable communities. Vulnerable communities include, but not limited to, healthcare workers, those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnic or minority groups, immigrants or refugees, justice-involved populations, and people suffering from chronic diseases or mental illness. The implications of COVID-19 on these communities and systemic disparities beyond the current pandemic are also discussed. People from vulnerable communities' experience disproportionately adverse impacts of COVID-19. COVID-19 has exacerbated systemic disparities and its long-term negative impact on these populations foretell an impending crisis that could prevail beyond the COVID-19 era. It is onerous that systemic issues be addressed and efforts to build inclusive and sustainable societies be pursued to ensure the provision of universal healthcare and justice for all. Without these reinforcements, we would not only compromise the vulnerable communities but also severely limit our preparedness and response to a future pandemic.

Objectives Severity of leukoaraiosis may mediate outcomes after reperfusion therapy in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients. However, the level of the association remains poorly understood. We performed a meta‐analysis to investigate the impact of leukoaraiosis severity on functional outcome, survival, haemorrhagic complications, and procedural success in AIS patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis and/or endovascular thrombectomy. Materials and Methods PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane library were searched for studies on leukoaraiosis in AIS receiving reperfusion therapy. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was conducted for post‐reperfusion outcomes in AIS patients with absent‐to‐mild leukoaraiosis and moderate‐to‐severe leukoaraiosis. The strength of association between moderate‐to‐severe leukoaraiosis and poor outcomes was quantified using odds ratios (OR). Results A total of 15 eligible studies involving 6460 patients (1451 with moderate‐to‐severe leukoaraiosis and 5009 with absent‐to‐mild leukoaraiosis) were included in the meta‐analysis. Moderate‐to‐severe leukoaraiosis was significantly associated with poor 90‐day functional outcome (OR 3.16; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.69–3.72; p < .0001), 90‐day mortality (OR 3.11; 95% CI 2.27–4.26; p < .0001) and increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.24–2.32; p = .001) after reperfusion therapy. Overall, no significant association of leukoaraiosis severity with haemorrhagic transformation (HT) and angiographic recanalization status were observed. However, subgroup analysis revealed a significant association of WML severity with HT in patients receiving EVT. Conclusion Leukoaraiosis is a useful prognostic biomarker in AIS. Patients with moderate‐to‐severe leukoaraiosis on baseline imaging are likely to have worse clinical and safety outcomes after reperfusion therapy.

White matter lesions have been implicated in the setting of stroke, dementia, intracerebral haemorrhage, several other cerebrovascular conditions, migraine, various neuroimmunological diseases like multiple sclerosis, disorders of metabolism, mitochondrial diseases and others. While much is understood vis a vis neuroimmunological conditions, our knowledge of the pathophysiology of these lesions, and their role in, and implications to, management of cerebrovascular diseases or stroke, especially in the elderly, are limited. Several clinical assessment tools are available for delineating white matter lesions in clinical practice. However, their incorporation into clinical decision‐making and specifically prognosis and management of patients is suboptimal for use in standards of care. This article sought to provide an overview of the current knowledge and recent advances on pathophysiology, as well as clinical and radiological assessment, of white matter lesions with a focus on its development, progression and clinical implications in cerebrovascular diseases. Key indications for clinical practice and recommendations on future areas of research are also discussed. Finally, a conceptual proposal on putative mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of white matter lesions in cerebrovascular disease has been presented. Understanding of pathophysiology of white matter lesions and how they mediate outcomes is important to develop therapeutic strategies.

Objective Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has been found to be associated with encephalopathy and brain imaging abnormalities. The identification of incident white matter lesions, known to be associated with cerebral microcirculatory failure and cerebrovascular disease, in COVID‐19 patients is of clinical and scientific interest. We performed a meta‐analysis to investigate the incidence of white matter lesions (WMLs) in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies on brain imaging abnormalities in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. The terms used included “white matter lesions,” “white matter hyperintensity,” “COVID‐19,” “coronavirus,” and “SARS‐CoV‐2.” A random‐effects meta‐analysis was conducted to obtain a pooled estimate of WML prevalence in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Results A total of 4 eligible studies involving 362 patients (144 with WMLs and 218 without) were included in the meta‐analysis. We found the pooled estimate of WML prevalence to be 20% (ES 0.20; 95% CI 0.00–0.54; p = .03). Conclusions The estimated pooled prevalence rate of WMLs was approximately 20% in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients, albeit lower than the crude prevalence rate (39.8%).

Background Brain atrophy (BA) may have a role in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in mediating outcomes after reperfusion therapy. The extent of this association is not well understood. Purpose : To examine the impact of pre-existing BA on functional outcome, survival, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), and early neurological change in patients with AIS treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and/or endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). Material and Methods PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were searched for studies on BA in AIS receiving reperfusion therapy. Studies were included if: (i) patients were aged ≥18 years; (ii) patients had been diagnosed with AIS; (iii) patients received IVT and/or EVT; (iv) studies reported on BA; (v) studies reported on post-reperfusion outcomes; and (vi) studies had a sample size of >25 patients. Results A total of 4444 patients from eight studies were included. Four out of seven studies reporting on 90-day functional outcome found pre-existing BA to be significantly associated with poor functional outcome. Moreover, two out of four studies found BA to be a significant predictor of 90-day mortality. None of the included studies reported a significant association of BA with sICH or early neurological deterioration. Conclusion This systematic review indicates a potential prognostic role of BA in AIS. Quantitative analysis of association of BA with outcomes in AIS is not possible given the heterogeneity in BA assessment and reporting across studies. Future studies using standardized BA assessment are warranted to clarify its association with clinical and safety outcomes in AIS.

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