In one stage of mankind's struggle to keep pace with ever increasing demand of food due to accelerating world population, chemical fertilizers contributed enormously to produce sufficient food products. However, a stagnation in the crop productivity along with decreasing soil fertility status and environmental pollution due to continuous, excessive, and imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers. In this scenario, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) become a natural choice as an alternative to the fertilizer to alleviate excessive consumption of fertilizers because PGPR not only promote nutrient availability to plants as biofertilizers but also performin several ways to stimulate plant growth and hence their productivity. In this review, an attempt has been made to highlight the main activities of PGPR in soil and plants, and to analyse their mode of actions from chemistry point of view.
Air Monitoring becomes a systematic approach for sensitivity and finding out the circumstances of the atmosphere. The major concern of air quality monitoring is to measure the concentration of pollution and other important parameter related to the contamination and provides information in real-time to make decisions at right time to cure lives and save the environment. This paper proposes an Architectural Framework for the air quality monitoring system based on Internet-of-Things (IoT) and via Fog computing techniques with novel methods to obtain real-time and accurate measurements of conventional air quality monitoring. IoT-based real-time air pollution monitoring system is projected to at any location and stores the measured value of various pollutants over a web server with the Internet. It can facilitate the process and filter data near the end of the IoT nodes in a concurrent manner and improving the Latency issue with the quality of services.
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