Ocean Drilling Program Leg 176 deepened Hole 735B in gabbroic lower ocean crust by 1 km to 1.5 km. The section has the physical properties of seismic layer 3, and a total magnetization sufficient by itself to account for the overlying lineated sea-surface magnetic anomaly. The rocks from Hole 735B are principally olivine gabbro, with evidence for two principal and many secondary intrusive events. There are innumerable late small ferrogabbro intrusions, often associated with shear zones that cross-cut the olivine gabbros. The ferrogabbros dramatically increase upward in the section. Whereas there are many small patches of ferrogabbro representing late iron-and titanium-rich melt trapped intragranularly in olivine gabbro, most late melt was redistributed prior to complete solidification by compaction and deformation. This, rather than in situ upward differentiation of a large magma body, produced the principal igneous stratigraphy. The computed bulk composition of the hole is too evolved to mass balance mid-ocean ridge basalt back to a primary magma, and there must be a significant mass of missing primitive cumulates. These could lie either below the hole or out of the section. Possibly the gabbros were emplaced by along-axis intrusion of moderately differentiated melts into the near-transform environment. Alteration occurred in three stages. High-temperature granulite-to amphibolite-facies alteration is most important, coinciding with brittle^ductile deformation beneath the ridge. Minor greenschist-facies alteration occurred under largely static conditions, likely during block uplift at the ridge transform intersection. Late post-uplift lowtemperature alteration produced locally abundant smectite, often in previously unaltered areas. The most important features of the high-and low-temperature alteration are their respective associations with ductile and cataclastic deformation, and an overall decrease downhole with hydrothermal alteration generally 95% in the bottom kilometer. Hole 735B provides evidence for a strongly heterogeneous lower ocean crust, and for the inherent interplay of deformation, alteration and igneous processes at slow-spreading ridges. It is strikingly different from gabbros sampled from fast-spreading ridges and at most well-described ophiolite complexes. We attribute this to the remarkable diversity of tectonic environments where crustal accretion occurs in the oceans and to the low probability of a section of old slow-spread crust formed near a major large-offset transform being emplaced onland compared to sections of young crust from small ocean basins.

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The Helgeland Nappe Complex consists of a sequence of imbricated east-dipping nappes that record a history of Neoproterozoic-Ordovician, sedimentary, metamorphic, and magmatic events. A combination of U-Pb dating of zircon and titanite by laser-ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry plus chemostratigraphic data on marbles places tight constraints on the sedimentary, tectonic, and thermal events of the complex. Strontium and carbon isotope data have identifi ed Neoproterozoic marbles in the Lower Nappe, the Horta nappe, and Scandian-aged infolds in the Vikna region. The environment of deposition of these rocks was a continental shelf, presumably of Laurentia. Detrital zircon ages from the Lower Nappe are nearly identical to those of Dalradian sedimentary rocks in Scotland. Cambrian rifting caused development of one or more ophiolitefl oored basins, into which thick sequences of Early Ordovician clastic and carbonate sedi-ments were deposited. On the basis of ages of the youngest zircons, deposition ended after ca. 481 Ma. These basin units are now seen as the Skei Group, Sauren-Torghatten Nappe, and Middle Nappe, as well as the stratigraphically highest part of the Horta nappe and possibly of the Upper Nappe. The provenance of these sediments was partly from the Lower Nappe, on the basis of detrital zircon age populations in metasandstones and cobbles from proximal conglomerates. However, the source of Cambrian-Ordovician zircons in all of the Early Ordovician basins is enigmatic. Crustal anatexis of the Lower and Upper Nappes occurred ca. 480 Ma, followed by imbrication of the entire nappe sequence. By ca. 478 Ma, the Horta nappe was overturned and was at the structural base of the nappe sequence, where it underwent migmatization and was the source of S-type magmas. Diverse magmatic activity followed ca. 465 Ma, 450-445 Ma, and 439-424 Ma. Several plutons in the youngest age range contain inherited 460-450 Ma zircons. These zircons are interpreted to refl ect a deep crustal zone in which mafi c magmas caused melting, mixing, and hybridization from 460 to 450 Ma. Magmatic reheating of this zone, possibly associated with crustal thickening, resulted in voluminous, predominantly tonalitic magmatism from 439 to 424 Ma.

Magmatism, contractional deformation, and extension associated with the exhumation of high-pressure rocks in the Scandinavian Caledonides are commonly attributed to the Silurian-Devonian Scandian orogeny, in which eastward thrusting of allochthonous terranes over Baltica was followed by extensional collapse and exhumation. New fieldwork and U-Pb geochronology coupled with recent pressure-temperature estimates within the highest thrust sequence of the Caledonian orogen indicate that an earlier phase of westdirected contractional deformation was punctuated by migmatite-producing events and voluminous magmatism ca. 477-466 Ma and ca. 447 Ma, followed by exhumation in the Late Ordovician. Al-in-hornblende and GASP thermobarometry indicate that emplacement of a suite of 448-445 Ma plutons caused partial migmatization at pressures of 700-800 MPa. Subsequent isothermal exhumation to pressures of 400 MPa occurred while the host rocks were still partially molten. Rates of exhumation may have ranged from 2 to 11 mm•yr ؊1 or greater. These data provide evidence for a previously unrecognized phase of exhumation in the Caledonides and for aerially extensive west-vergent deformation. Deformation and magmatism associated with these events may be related to Taconic-age orogenesis near Laurentia, where the highest nappe sequences of the Scandinavian Caledonides probably resided during early Paleozoic time.

The WooleyCreek batholith is a tilted, zoned, calc-alkaline plutonic complex in the Klamath Mountains, northern California, USA. It consists of three main compositionaltemporal zones. The lower zone consists of gabbro through tonalite. Textural heterogeneities on the scale of tens to hundreds of meters combined with bulk-rock data suggest that it was assembled from numerous magma batches that did not interact extensively with one another despite the lack of sharp contacts and identical ages of two lower zone samples (U-Pb [zircon] chemical abrasion-isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry ages of 158.99 ± 0.17 and 159.22 ± 0.10 Ma). The upper zone is slightly younger, with 3 samples yielding ages from 158.25 ± 0.46 to 158.21 ± 0.17 Ma, and is upwardly zoned from tonalite to granite. This zoning can be explained by crystalliquid separation and is related to upward increases in the proportions of interstitial K-feldspar and quartz. Porphyritic dacitic to rhyodacitic roof dikes have compositions coincident with evolved samples of the upper zone. These data indicate that the upper zone was an eruptible mush that crystallized from a nearly homogeneous parental magma that evolved primarily by upward percolation of interstitial melt. The central zone is a recharge area with variably disrupted synplutonic dikes and swarms of mafic enclaves. Central zone ages (159.01 ± 0.20 to 158.30 ± 0.16 Ma) are similar to both lower and upper zones crystallization ages. In the main part of the Wooley Creek batholith, age data constrain magmatism to a short period of time (<1.3 m.y.). However, age data cannot be used to identify distinct magma chambers within the batholith; such information must be extracted from a combination of fi eld observations and the chemical compositions of the rocks and their constituent minerals. GEOLOGIC SETTING Klamath MountainsThe Klamath Mountains geologic province, northwestern California and southwestern For permission to copy, contact editing@geosociety.org on July 1, 2015 geosphere.gsapubs.org Downloaded from Note: MSWD-mean square of weighted deviates. Sample: s-single grain; all multipoint dates are weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U dates; asterisk indicates sample excluded from weighted mean calculations. Weight represents estimated weight after fi rst step of CA-TIMS (chemical abrasion-thermal ionization mass spectrometry) zircon dissolution and is only approximate. U and Pb concentrations are based on this weight and are useful for internal comparisons only. Picograms of sample and common Pb from the second dissolution step are measured directly and are accurate. Sample Pb: sample Pb [radiogenic (rad.) + initial] corrected for laboratory blank. cPb: total common Pb. All assigned to laboratory blank unless >3 pg. Pb*/Pbc: radiogenic Pb to total common Pb (blank + initial). Corrected atomic ratios: 206 Pb/ 204 Pb corrected for mass discrimination and tracer, all others corrected for blank, mass discrimination, tracer and initial Pb; values in parentheses are 2σ errors in percent. Rho: 206 Pb...