Educators, government bodies and employers have acknowledged the need for modern learners to acquire 21st century skills using information and communication technologies, to personalise student learning. Students need broader skills than the 3Rs (reading, writing and arithmetic) to operate in the 21st century. These broader skills known as the 4Cs include: creativity, communication, collaboration and critical thinking. The use of information and communication technologies is crucial in developing the 4Cs in conjunction with understanding how learning takes place. However, simply using technology does not guarantee that deep learning will occur. The use of technology needs to align and adapt with our knowledge of learning to be able to operate in a transformative space. This paper is designed to link the understandings of deep learning, 21st century skills and appropriate use of information and communication technologies to provide direction to educators who wish to lead in a technological environment of change.

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Microwave processing of materials is a relatively new technology advancement alternative that provides new approaches for enhancing material properties as well as economic advantages through energy savings and accelerated product development. Factors that hinder the use of microwaves in materials processing are declining, so that prospect for the development of this technology seem to be very promising (Sutton, W.H., 1989). The two mechanisms of orientation polarisation and interfacial space charge polarisation, together with dc. conductivity, form the basis of high frequency heating. Clearly, advantages in utilising microwave technologies for processing materials include penetrating radiation, controlled electric field distribution and selective and volumetric heating. However, the most commonly used facilities for microwave processing materials are of fixed frequency, eg 2.45 GHz. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of microwave technologies, processing methods and industrial applications, using variable frequency microwave (VFM) facilities. This is a new alternative for microwave processing. The technique is geared towards advanced materials processing and chemical synthesis. It offers rapid, uniform and selective heating over a large volume at a high energy coupling efficiency. This is accomplished using a preselected bandwidth sweeping around a central frequency employing frequency agile sources such as travelling wave tubes as the microwave power amplifier. Selective heating of complex samples and industrial scale-up are now viable. During VFM processing, a given frequency of microwaves would only be launched for less than one millisecond. Two facilities were employed during the study. The VW1500 (Figure 1) with a maximum power output of 125 W generates microwave energy in the frequency range of 6 -18 GHz and the other, Microcure 2100 Model 250 (Figure 2) operates at 6 -18 GHz with a maximum power level of 250 W. The cavity dimension of VW1500 (Figure 1) was 250 mm x 250 mm x 300 mm and the Microcure 2100 model 250 has a cavity size of 300 mm x 275 mm x 375 mm. Successful applications of the VFM technology are in the areas of curing advanced polymeric encapsulants, thermoplastic matrix composite materials characterisation, adhesive characterisation, rapid processing of flip-chip (FC) underfills, joining reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites materials, and structural bonding of glass to plastic housing. However, there are a lot of factors that have to be considered before employing variable frequency microwave (VFM) irradiation for processing materials. Not all materials are suitable for microwave processing and one has to match the special characteristics of the process. Blind applications of microwave energy in material processing will usually lead to disappointment. On the other hand, wise application of the technology will have greater benefits than have been anticipated. Successful applications of these modern facilities by the authors include the characterisation of glass or car...

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