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Sagittaria trifolia is a medicinal foodstuff of China and East Asia belonging to the family Alismataceae. Samples of S. trifolia tubers were collected from Meihekow, Siping, Jilin, Harbin and Wuchang from Northeast China. The current study was aimed to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative analysis, antioxidant activity, biochemical analysis and chemical composition of different populations of S. trifolia. By using Folin–Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride colourimetric and 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenol and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity was analysed. Furthermore, chemical composition, biochemical analysis and mineral substances were also determined. The results showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, glycosides and steroids except for alkaloids and terpenoids by qualitative analysis. Quantitative analysis revealed that highest total phenol, flavonoids content and antioxidant potential identified from Meihekow, i.e., 2.307 mg GAE/g, 12.263 mg QE/g and 77.373%, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results showed the presence of 40 chemical compounds corresponding to 99.44% of total extract that might be responsible for antioxidant properties. Mineral and biochemical analysis revealed the presence of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, copper, zinc and, carbohydrate, protein, fibre and fat contents, respectively. Interestingly, all S. trifolia populations collected from different locations possess similar composition. The dietary values, phytoconstituents, antioxidant activities and nutritional and curative chemical compounds of S. trifolia are beneficial for the nutritherapy of human beings.

Xanthium strumarium is native to North America and now has become one of the invasive alien species (IAS) in China. In order to detect the effects of the invader on biodiversity and evaluate its suitable habitats and ecological distribution, we investigated the abundance, relative abundance, diversity indices, and the number of the invasive and native plants in paired invaded and non-invaded quadrats in four locations in North and Northeast China. We also analyzed the effects of monthly mean maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity (%), and precipitations (mm). Strong positive significant (P < 0.01) correlation and maximum interspecific competition (41%) were found in Huailai between invaded and non-invaded quadrats. Shannon’s Diversity Index showed that non-invaded plots had significantly (P < 0.05) more diversified species than invaded ones. The significant (P < 0.05) Margalef’s Richness Index was found in Huailai and Zhangjiakou in non-invaded recorded heterogeneous nature of plant communities. Similarly, significant (P < 0.05) species richness found in Huailai and Zhangjiakou in non-invaded quadrats compared to invaded ones. Maximum evenness of Setaria feberi (0.47, 0.37), Seteria viridis (0.43) found in Fushun and Zhangjiakou recorded more stable in a community compared to other localities. Evenness showed positive relationship of Shannon Entropy within different plant species. The higher dissimilarity in plant communities found in Huailai (87.06%) followed by Yangyuan (44.43%), Zhangjiakou (40.13%) and Fushun (29.02%). The significant (P < 0.01) value of global statistics R (0.943/94.3%) showed high species diversity recorded in Huailai followed by Zhangjiakou recorded by non-metric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity between invaded and non-invaded plots. At the end it was concluded that the diversity indices reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in invaded quadrats indicated that native plant species become less diverse due to X. strumarium invasion. The degrees of X. strumarium invasion affected on species richness resulted to reduce diversity indices significantly in invaded quadrats.

11Xanthium strumarium is yearly weed local to North America and is presently an obtrusive 12 species. The intrusive weed can contend with local decent variety may turn into a hazardous 13 weed for the agrarian profitability and rangeland biological systems. The present examination 14 researched the challenge of intrusive and local weed populaces inside two straight out variables 15 in matched quadratic rings (treatment/invasive with control/non-invasive). The present 16 investigation was led at four unique areas of northeast China to discover competition of 17 Xanthium strumarium on 40 paired matched vegetations in same condition and living space 18 conditions. The number of species (NOS) occurred in quadratic ring; abundance (A); Simpsons 19 Diversity Index (SDI); Margalef's Richness Index (MRI) compared between invasive and non-20 invasive quadrates by t-test was recorded significant (P<0.05) suggestion of competitions 21 between plant communities. The abundance in communities decreased significantly in invasive 22 compared to non-invasive quadrate gave an indication about low productivity of plant species 23 due to Xanthium strumarium. Rarefaction bend with respect to coefficient of determination (R 2 ) 24 explored in the overviewed network (0.86) proposed that there is a solid positive polynomial 25 connection between various weed families. Greatest difference list (87.06%) recorded in Huailai 26 province followed by Yangyuan (44.43%), Zhangjiakou (40.13%) and at Fushun (29.02%). 27 Significant (P<0.05) maximum global R demonstrated high species decent variety was found in 28 Huailai area (0.943) trailed by Zhangjiakou. Significant (P<0.05) density of native weed was 29 recorded in non-invasive quadrate which was comparable to the invasive quadrate. Finally 30 invasive Xanthium strumarium compete with native weeds diversity created significant threat to 31 the natural diversity. Most extreme thickness of weed species gave cautioning that the 32 predominant edaphic and natural states of the uneven regions are profoundly favorable for the 33 dispersion and development of the weed in future. 34 index 36 42characterized to their massive biomass [7,8]. The loss in biodiversity plays a vital role in global 43 climatic change scenario [9] through significant effects on ecosystem [10,11]. These effects 44 adapted drastically by biotic relationship between trophic levels [12,13]. 45Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) belongs to family Asteraceae are monoecious, annual 46 herbaceous broadleaved, tap rooted, ridged, rough and hairy plant (Venodha, 2016 [14,15] native 47 to North America and Argentina [16][17][18]. Xanthium germinates at broad spectrum temperatures 48 and can invade great areas of marshland and drought resistant species [19]. This weed compete 49 with native weed populations in China are known invader and high potential for colonizing in 50 new areas [20]. Xanthium is a harmful invasive weed introduced in Beijing [21] and spread 51 drastically into six provinces [22,23] at China. These provinces are ...