During the monsoon of 2022, Kathmandu valley witnessed an unprecedented number of cholera cases in a brief period- on an epidemic scale. This event corresponded with a month-long stagnation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in the streets of the valley after protests and blockades from the residents in Sisdole- the location of the only landfill serving the valley. This paper has entertained the correlation between the two entities and has scrutinized the idea. To add to the study, the trends re studied and evaluated. Observations and literature reviews suggest MSW making the situation of cholera worse if not causing it. This study has also provided suggestions for getting the situation better in the longer term using available literature and has laid the groundwork for further research regarding the relationship between the two to further understand their significance on one another.
Biogas, a gaseous mixture resulted from anaerobic digestion of organic matter, is an alternative source of energy that contributes to circularity. This paper introduces biogas and briefs its history in the context of Nepal. Despite being used as early as the 10th century BC, biogas only caught proper attention since the dawn of the industrial revolution. Meanwhile, biogas technology started its development only in the late-mid 19th century whilst taking a hundred more years for Nepal to follow suit. Since the construction of the first biogas plant in 1960, Nepal has introduced several plans and policies with the help of private and international agencies to construct about half a million biogas plants as of 2021. The major turning point in the history of biogas in Nepal came in 1992 with the initiation of Biogas Support Program which coincided with the then His Majesty Government of Nepal’s ambitious eight 5-year plan. The future policymakers are suggested to keep the growing urban population in mind whilst making new deals and policies to promote and facilitate biogas technology.
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