This study examined the types of budgeting systems adopted by universities in South-West Nigeria. Stratified random sampling was used to select seven universities from five states within the hinterland of Nigeria's South-West geopolitical zone. A questionnaire entitled Budgeting System Questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings were that the mostly adopted budgeting system by the sampled universities was incremental type with 46.7%, in comparison with line-item, planning programming and zero-based budgeting systems with 33.33%, 16.67 % and 8.33%, respectively. Also, out of the total sum of N80,115,006,285 as expenditure on six selected priority areas in the three academic years by the sampled universities, salaries and allowances had the highest amount of expenditure (i.e. N60.412,111,285) (75.41%) while research and publications had the lowest amount of N211,528,456.64 (0.26%). Based on the findings, it is recommended that the incremental budgeting system which is majorly adopted by universities in Nigeria should be carefully guided to discourage corruption and financial recklessness as it encourages spending up to the budget towards the end of the year so that the budget is maintained the next year. It is also recommended that the NUC gives an award to any university that allocates at least five percent of its revenue expenditure to research and publications.
This research aims to: 1) Describe and analyze the collaboration of local governments, Municipality Water Works and private in providing drinking water in Merauke Regency, 2) describe and analyze the process of collaboration of local governments, Municipality Water Works and private drinking water in Merauke Regency. Collecting Data in this study done through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis using qualitative analysis. The research results showed that collaboration performed by local governments, Municipality Water Works and private (Waterleiding maatschappij Drenthe) (WMD) Netherlands in the provision of drinking water in Merauke meets indicator negotiations. This can be seen with the advent of parties (Waterleiding maatschappij Drenthe) (WMD) Netherlands directly to meet with the government, municipality water work and dutch (Waterleiding maatschappij Drenthe) (WMD) to reach an agreement and the signing of the partnership do for 15 years. The commitments in the form of the party by three very good i.e. to improve clean water infrastructure, and improve operational performance in the service of provision of drinking water in the Regency of Merauke. However, there are indicators that have not achieved based on the assessment indicators in collaboration, implementation or the implementation of the goals and commitments in the cooperation, this happens because of the presence of barriers both in the field of human resources, finance, material, and method.
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