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Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) share similar routes of transmission, making it possible for an individual to have a co-infection. HBV infection is well known to be a major cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV infection among HIV infected HAART naïve patients and investigate the effect of co-infection on CD4 count and liver function. Study design: This was a hospital based descriptive cross sectional study of one hundred consecutive therapy-naive HIV-infected individuals. The CD4 count, Hepatitis B surface antigen, Serum albumin, total Protein, and liver enzymes were determined using standard techniques. Results: The prevalence of HIV and HBV co-infection was 37%. The mean serum ALT and ALP were significantly higher in the co-infected patients (P-values <0.05). The mean CD4 count of the mono infected patients was significantly higher (p-value of 0.014). The mean serum ALT, AST and ALP of mono and coinfected patients with CD4 count<200/µl were significantly higher than those with count ≥ 200 cells/µl. (pvalue of <0.01). The mean ALT and AST of the coinfected patients and all patients with CD4 count <200 cells/µl were higher than the normal reference range. Conclusion: Approximately one third of HIV positive patients had hepatitis B virus co-infection. Coinfection and CD4 count <200 cells/µl are likely to result in abnormal ALT and AST. We recommend those co-infected patients and those with CD4 count <200 cells/µl should be given non-hepatotoxic antiretroviral drug.

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Two cases of Giant Vesical Calculi were encountered in a semi-urban health facility (Nakowa Hospital, Yauri, Nigeria). careful clinical evaluation and investigation is important in the work up of the patients. surgical technique and accurate diagnosis are essential in their treatment.

BACKGROUND:With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) the outlook of HIV/AIDS has changed from a killer disease to a treatable chronic infectious one. However HAART is associated with some metabolic disorders some of which are now being seen in people living with HIV/ AIDS (PLWHA) accessing care from our centre. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and pattern of dyslipidaemia and dysglycaemia amongst Nigerian HIV/AIDS patients on HAART. METHODS: PLWHA who were regular on ART for at least three months and had pre-treatment CD4 + count, fasting lipid and glucose profiles were grouped into two treatment regimens: protease inhibitor, (PI) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). Pre and post-exposure metabolic and nonmetabolic variables were compared for each regimen as well as within regimen comparison of the differences between post exposure metabolic variables. RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty-seven patients; [male=134 (41%), female=193 (59%)] met the study criteria in the two groups: PI = 94(29%) and NNRTI= 233(71%). The pretreatment metabolic changes in both groups (PI vs. NNRTI) were low HDL-C; 29(31%) vs.77 (33%), followed by hypertriglyceridaemia; 16(17%) vs.38 (16%) and hypercholesterolaemia; 6(6%) vs.10 (4%). After exposure to two different HAART regimens hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercholesterolaemia became more prevalent especially with Pi based therapy than NNRTI; 74(79%) vs. 108(54%) and 58(51%) vs.72(31%) respectively. These relative higher risks of a PI containing regimen to induce hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercholesterolaemia were about three times more than that of NNRTI, both risks were statistically significant; p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0001. 29 (31%) vs.77 (33%), suivie par l'hypertriglycéridémie, 16 (17%) vs.38 (16%) et l'hypercholestérolémie , 6 (6%) vs.10 (4%) RÉSUMÉ CONTEXTE: Avec l'introduction du traitement antirétroviral hautement actif (HAART) l'évolution du VIH MÉTHODES: les PVVIH qui ont été régulièrement sous ARV pendant au moins trois mois et a pré-traitement CD4 + count, le jeûne de lipides et de glucose profils ont été regroupés en deux régimes de traitement: inhibiteur de protéase (IP) ou non-nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse inhibiteur (INNTI). Pré et post-exposition métaboliques et non-métaboliques variables ont été comparés pour chaque régime, ainsi que dans le régime comparaison des différences entre post-exposition métaboliques variables. RÉSULTATS: Trois cent vingt-sept patients, [les hommes = 134 (41%), les femmes = 193 (59%)] a rencontré l'étude des critères dans les deux groupes: PI = 94 (29%) et INNTI = 233 (71% ). Le prétraitement des changements métaboliques dans les deux groupes (c. INNTI IP) sont faibles