Gamma-spectrometer for water areas and bottom sediments radiation monitoring. Pribory i metody izmerenij [Devices and Methods of Measurements]. 2016 , vol. 7, no. 3, рр. 256-261. DOI: 10.21122/2220 -9506-2016 Devices and Methods of Measurements 2016, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 256-261 Zhukouski A. et al. Приборы и методы измерений 2016 , 11, 220030, Minsk, Belarus Received 06.10.2016 Accepted for publication 25.11.2016 Abstract In order to solve the problem of continuous or periodic monitoring of water areas affected by radioactive contamination in the result of scheduled emissions in nuclear power plants or in the result of emergency situations in nuclear fuel cycle plants we need to develop measurement instruments with advanced mathematics and program support to assess the level of radioactive contamination with required accuracy. The aim of theoretical research was to optimize detection device construction, estimate spectrometer metrological parameters in given measurement geometries, and determine effective position of detection device in the process of in situ measurements.This device consists of spectrometric scintillation probe packed into sealed container (detection device) based on NaI(T1) crystal of Ø 63 × 63 mm or Ø 63 × 160 mm size, cable reel with deep-sea cable and a tablet PC for data processing and displaying. The container withstands static hydraulic pressure up to 5 MPa and can be used for measurements at depths of 500 m maximum. Probe measures energy distribution of gammaradiation with energy from 70 keV to 3000 keV. The implemented three-dimensional system for detection device position and orientation determination allows automatic operation of the device (without operator) for water areas or bottom sediment scanning. The spectrometer can output measurement results with threedimensional geographical coordinates as index maps of distribution with necessary resolution and accuracy. Monte Carlo models of spectrometer and controlled objects are developed in order to determine the detector response functions to given radionuclides in given measurement geometries without use of expensive standard measures of activity.Multifunction gamma-spectrometer for in situ radiation monitoring of water areas and bottom sediments was developed and constructed. In the result of theoretical researches the response functions have been calculated in the form of theoretical spectra of monitored radionuclides in definite measuring geometries. The results of mathematical modeling of the gamma-emitting transfer process allowed to estimate effective position of detection device for in situ measurements of specific activity radionuclides 2016 , vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 256-261 Zhukouski A. et al. Приборы и методы измерений 2016 ул. Бобруйская, 11, 220030, г. Минск, Беларусь Поступила 06.10.2016 Принята к печати 25.11.2016 Задачи постоянного или периодического мониторинга водоемов, подвергшихся радиоактивному загрязнению в результате штатных выбросов АЭС или в результате возникновения нештатных ситуаций на пр...
Periodic radiation monitoring of soils today is a priority task not only for Belarus, but also for Japan, suffered by Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. Use of portable and light spectrometers with ability to perform in situ measurements makes it possible to quickly estimate specific activity of measured radionuclides with required accuracy in particular soil site. Basic information of a gamma radiation source (radionuclides content, effective radius of measurement area and thickness of contaminated layer) can be obtained directly during measurement. The purpose of this research is to test the feasibility of using algorithms for determination of specific activity and thickness of contaminated layer under conditions of soil measurement with variable density parameters and radiocesium distribution in soil.Monte-Carlo simulating allowed to estimate the degree of deviation of the shape of simulated spectra obtained with the use of Monte-Carlo soil model with uniformly distributed radionuclide in it, and for the case when the radionuclide distribution by soil profile can be described by an exponential function. For these cases of natural distribution of radiocesium, the pulse-amplitude spectrum is formed by an effective thickness of the contaminated site, which contains more than 90 % of radionuclides.The developed Monte-Carlo model of a probe and contaminated soil site allows to estimate the effect of the variability of soil density on the total count rate of the pulse-amplitude spectrum. As a result of theoretical estimations, the relationship between the effective radius of contaminated site is determined as a function of soil density.Analysis of the influence of radial zones of the cylindrical gamma source on in situ gamma-spectrometer showed that the main contribution to the total count rate of the pulse-amplitude spectrum is made by the radial zone with radius of up to 40 cm from the center of the probe, regardless of the thickness of the contaminated layer in geometry «Probe is located on the soil surface». A small site facilitates the selection of measurement area of land with a sufficiently flat surface, which is desirable during surveying the territories, especially with complex terrain.
The problems of reactive power compensation and improving the quality of electrical energy in the power supply systems of industrial enterprises are inseparable. Their relevance is due to the widespread use of electric receivers that consume reactive power and distort the quality of electrical energy in the network, as well as the implementation of new technologies, systems and equipment into production that make increased demands on the quality of electrical energy consumed. An important characteristic of the quality of electrical energy rationed by GOST 32144–2013 is the non-sinusoidal voltage. The main reason for the non-sinusoidal voltage in the electrical networks of industrial enterprises is the use of electrical equipment with a nonlinear voltage characteristic, which is a source of conductive electromagnetic interference, in particular: adjustable DC and AC electric drives, uninterruptible power supplies of electric receivers, electric welding equipment, electric arc furnaces, induction heating installations, gas-discharge radiation sources. Due to the nonlinearity of the current-voltage characteristics, the above devices consume a non-sinusoidal current from the network, which causes harmonic distortion of the supply voltage, including the fundamental harmonic component and higher harmonic components that are multiples of the fundamental frequency. Non-sinusoidal voltage, in turn, causes additional losses of power and energy in the elements of the electrical network, causes overheating and accelerated aging of the insulation of electrical equipment, reducing its operational reliability and reducing service life, worsens the accuracy of electrical measurements, causes malfunctions in automation systems, telemechanics, relay protection, electronic systems and communications. Non-sinusoidal voltage significantly complicates the compensation of reactive power in the electrical network. Compensating devices are made on the basis of capacitors, whose electrical parameters (resistance, power, current) depend on both the magnitude of the supply voltage and its harmonic composition. The present article identifies problems and proposes solutions in terms of reactive power compensation and improving the quality of electrical energy in electrical networks containing thyristor voltage converters and frequency converters used in adjustable electric drive installations of industrial enterprises.
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