Motivated by recent experiments showing the promise of noble gases as cryoprotectants, we perform molecular dynamics modeling of phase transitions in water with xenon under cooling. We follow the structure and dynamics of xenon water solution as a function of temperature. Homogeneous nucleation of clathrate hydrate phase is observed and characterized. As the temperature is further reduced we observe hints of dissociation of clathrate due to stronger hydrophobic hydration, pointing towards a possible instability of clathrate at cryogenic temperatures and conversion to an amorphous phase comprised of "xenon + hydration shell" Xe·(H2O)21.5 clusters. Simulations of ice-xenon solution interface in equilibrium and during ice growth reveal the effects of xenon on the ice-liquid interface, where adsorbed xenon causes roughening of ice surface but does not preferentially form clathrate. These results provide evidence against the ice-blocker mechanism of xenon cryoprotection.
Актуальность: в последние десятилетия децеллюляризация органов стала устоявшейся техникой в области регенеративной медицины для получения сложных биоскаффолдов. Кроме того, in vitro было продемонстрировано, что таковые сохраняют свою природную тканеспецифичность. Цель исследования: разработка методики получения срезов внеклеточных матриксов матки и яичников человека. Материалы и методы: срезы внеклеточных матриксов матки и яичников человека толщиной 50 мкм были получены на криомикротоме, после чего проходили последовательную обработку детергентами (1% раствор додецилсульфата натрия) и 10% эмбриональной телячьей сывороткой для удаления резидуальной ДНК и лиофильную вакуумную сушку с последующей патоморфологической оценкой сохранности и качества срезов после лиофилизации и оценкой влияния на жизнеспособность подселяемых клеток посредством заселения клеточными культурами. Результаты: описан способ получения полноценных тканеспецифичных субстратов для роста трехмерных клеточных культур большой плотности in vitro. Выводы: разработанная методика получения срезов может быть применена для удобной и недорогой замены широко использующихся в фармакологии и токсикологии прецизионных срезов тканей. Ключевые слова: 3D клеточные культуры, внеклеточный матрикс, гинекология и репродуктивная медицина, мезенхимальные мультипотентные стромальные клетки, тканевая инженерия, эндометрий Для корреспонденции: Борис Ефимович Лейбович.
This article provides the review of the medical use of pH- and temperature-sensitive polymer hydrogels. Such polymers are characterised by their thermal and pH sensitivity in aqueous solutions at the functioning temperature of living organisms and can react to the slightest changes in environmental conditions. Due to these properties, they are called stimuli-sensitive polymers. This response to an external stimulus occurs due to the amphiphilicity (diphilicity) of these (co)polymers. The term hydrogels includes several concepts of macrogels and microgels. Microgels, unlike macrogels, are polymer particles dispersed in a liquid and are nano- or micro-objects. The review presents studies reflecting the main methods of obtainingsuch polymeric materials, including precipitation polymerisation, as the main, simplest, and most accessible method for mini-emulsion polymerisation, microfluidics, and layer-by-layer adsorption of polyelectrolytes. Such systems will undoubtedly be promising for use in biotechnology and medicine due to the fact that they are liquid-swollen particles capable of binding and carrying various low to high molecular weight substances. It is also important that slight heating and cooling or a slight change in the pH of the medium shifts the system from a homogeneous to a heterogeneous state and vice versa. This providesthe opportunity to use these polymers as a means of targeted drug delivery, thereby reducing the negative effect of toxic substances used for treatment on the entire body and directing the action to a specific point. In addition, such polymers can be used to create smart coatings of implanted materials, as well as an artificial matrix for cell and tissue regeneration, contributing to a significant increase in the survival rate and regeneration rate of cells and tissues. References 1. Gisser K. R. C., Geselbracht M. J., Cappellari A.,Hunsberger L., Ellis A. B., Perepezko J., et al. 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Актуальность: создание рассматриваемых в статье основных разновидностей биоинженерных бесклеточных каркасов (внеклеточных матриксов, ВКМ) стало признанным методом в бурно развивающейся области регенеративной медицины. Цель исследования: анализ источников литературы, рассматривающих проблемы создания искусственных трехмерных каркасов, имитирующих состав и функции ВКМ, для обеспечения микроокружения, близкого к естественному, в дискурсе сравнения преимуществ использования различных нативных ВКМ, взятых из тканей и органов, а также синтезированных in vitro клеточными культурами. Материалы и методы: обзор источников литературы. Результаты: рассмотрены свойства ВКМ in vivo и in vitro, а также основные разновидности современных методов децеллюляризации, с упором на органо-и тканеспецифичные разновидности ВКМ. Выводы: проведено развернутое сравнение преимуществ и недостатков различных типов бесклеточных каркасов. Ключевые слова: 3D клеточные культуры, внеклеточный матрикс, мезенхимальные мультипотентные стромальные клетки, тканевая инженерия Для корреспонденции: Борис Ефимович Лейбович.
Цель исследования -оценить влияние внеклеточных криопротекторов на микроструктуру и состав вне-клеточного матрикса (ВКМ) при перфузионной децеллюляризации целых органов. Эксперимент выполнен на 34 крысах-самцах. Установлено, что перед выполнением перфузионной децеллюляризации целесообразно подвергать орган циклу замораживания-оттаивания с предварительной перфузией 5%-м раствором трегало-зы. Это способствует значительной презервации структур ВКМ при сохранении удовлетворительного качест-ва децеллюляризации. Предложенная методика по ряду оцениваемых параметров является более эффектив-ной, чем известные аналоги. Ключевые слова: тканевая инженерия, печень, внеклеточный матрикс, децеллюляризация, заморажива-ние, криопротекторы.Purpose: to Assess the impact of extracellular cryoprotectants on the microstructure and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the perfusion decellularization of whole organs. The experiment was performed on 34 male rats. Prior to performing the perfusion decellularization is advisable expose the sample freeze-thaw cycles with pre-perfusion solution 5% trehalose. It promotes preserve the structure of the matrix at a satisfactory decellularization. The proposed method on a number of estimated is more efficient than conventional analogs.
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