Advantage was taken of 490 questionnaires completed by anglers to study the effectiveness of ground-baiting and its effect on nutrient (phosphorus and nitrogen) budgets in 37 water bodies. There was a strict relationship between daily amounts of baits used and daily catch of six cyprinid species. However, fish catch increased only to a bait rate of about 2 kg/day. Higher amounts resulted in lower catches.Calculations were also made of daily loads of phosphorus and nitrogen introduced by the 'average' angler inlo a water body, as well as of the amount of nutrients removed by this angler from the aquatic environment with the fish catch. It was shown that although ground-baiting represented an important source of nutrient input into the environment, using this method anglers removed 2 2 times more phosphorus and 1 7 times more nitrogen from the environment (with their catch) than they introduced into it. Turawa Reservoir was used as an example, showing that in Polish conditions, angling may have a beneficial effect on nutrient budgets of such water bodies.
Recreational fisheries are an important element of contemporary fisheries. Detailed information about the motivation and opinions of anglers regarding catch-and-release fishing in post-communist countries, such as Poland, has not been widely available to date. The aim of this study was to fill this gap. We obtained 936 survey questionnaires completed by anglers from throughout Poland. The mean annual catch of a Polish angler is 126 fish weighing 46.1 kg. Anglers catch mainly cyprinids, but they would prefer to catch large predatory fishes, and they spend an average of 416.50 EUR on this activity annually. These results confirm the hypothesis that angling catches in Poland are decidedly of a recreational character and that catches targeted at fish consumption are of lesser importance. Simultaneously, we determined that younger anglers are more willing to release caught fish than older anglers.
The objective of management of Polish lakes is to ful®l the needs of commercial and recreational ®shermen that developed after the political changes of the last decade. The eectiveness of the policies and practices adopted has never been studied. Six lake enterprises were selected, two in each of the lake districts: Mazuria, Pomerania and Great Poland. The two Mazurian enterprises manage a total of 13 325 ha of lakes, the Pomeranian ones 6130 ha and those of Great Poland 4156 ha. All data on commercial ®sheries were collected and studies of anglers' activities were carried out through 550 questionnaires. The six enterprises were analysed as a whole and separately, with attention being paid to commercial landings and stockings in 1995±1999, and anglers' catches in 1998. Two enterprises and lakes were chosen for closer analysis. It was estimated that an average lake angler caught 59.2 kg of ®sh in 1998, and the overall landings by anglers was 35.0 kg ha ±1 yr ±1 . Fish yield from lakes was 50.0 kg ha ±1 yr ±1 without considering poachers' catches.K E Y W O R D S : commercial ®sheries, lakes, Poland, recreational ®sheries.
The objective of management of Polish lakes is to ful®l the needs of commercial and recreational ®shermen that developed after the political changes of the last decade. The eectiveness of the policies and practices adopted has never been studied. Six lake enterprises were selected, two in each of the lake districts: Mazuria, Pomerania and Great Poland. The two Mazurian enterprises manage a total of 13 325 ha of lakes, the Pomeranian ones 6130 ha and those of Great Poland 4156 ha. All data on commercial ®sheries were collected and studies of anglers' activities were carried out through 550 questionnaires. The six enterprises were analysed as a whole and separately, with attention being paid to commercial landings and stockings in 1995±1999, and anglers' catches in 1998. Two enterprises and lakes were chosen for closer analysis. It was estimated that an average lake angler caught 59.2 kg of ®sh in 1998, and the overall landings by anglers was 35.0 kg ha ±1 yr ±1 . Fish yield from lakes was 50.0 kg ha ±1 yr ±1 without considering poachers' catches.K E Y W O R D S : commercial ®sheries, lakes, Poland, recreational ®sheries.
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