The effect of electrical field stimulation (EFS) on insulin (INS) and glucagon (GLU) secretion from normal and diabetic rat pancreas is poorly understood. In our study, EFS (5-20Hz, 50 V amplitude and 1.0 ms pulse width), when applied alone, resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in INS secretion from the pancreas of both normal and diabetic rats. Atropine (10(-5) M) did not inhibit the EFS (5 Hz)-evoked INS secretion in normal pancreas and failed to alter the effect of EFS (10-20 Hz) on INS secretion from the pancreas of both normal and diabetic rats. Propranolol (Prop) inhibited INS secretion to below basal level in the presence of EFS (5 Hz) but not at EFS (10- 20 Hz). Tetrodotoxin (TTX) also significantly (p = 0.002) inhibited INS secretion from normal pancreas in the presence of EFS (5-20 Hz). The decrease in insulin secretion observed when pancreatic tissue fragments were incubated in Prop and TTX in the presence of EFS was reversed by yohimbine (10(-5) M). In contrast, TTX did not significantly modify INS secretion from diabetic pancreas in the presence of EFS. EFS (5-20 Hz) significantly (p<0.05) increased GLU release from normal and diabetic rat pancreas when applied alone. Neither atropine, Prop nor TTX significantly modified GLU release from the pancreas of either normal or diabetic rats. This suggests that GLU secretion may be controlled through a different pathway. The EFS-evoked INS and GLU secretion is probably executed via different mechanisms. These mechanisms include 1) activation of cholinergic nerves by EFS; 2) EFS of alpha- and beta-adrenergic nerves; 3) activation of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic pathway by EFS; 4) EFS-induced depolarization and subsequent action potential in pancreatic endocrine cells and 5) electroporosity caused by EFS-induced membrane permeability. All of these effects may be summative. In conclusion, EFS (5-20 Hz), when applied alone, can evoke significant increases in INS and GLU secretion from the pancreas of both normal and diabetic rats. Insulin secretion is controlled via alpha-2 adrenergic (inhibition) and beta-adrenergic (stimulation) receptors. Glucagon secretion is enhanced by alpha2 adrenergic stimulation.
IntroductionThe cutaneous polymorphic eruption of pregnancy (PEP) is presented by skin lesions usually in the third trimester of gestation and about 13% of women also suffer from perinatal depression.ObjectiveTo determine the frequency of pruritic urticarial papules of gestation with and without perinatal depression.AimTo assess the maternal causes for polymorphic eruption of pregnancy (PEP) in patients with and without perinatal depression.MethodsCases and controls were matched on the grounds of maternal weight gain in gestation, hormonal changes, deficit in iron and zinc, dysregulation of hypothalamic pituitary axis, pre-maturity, pre-eclampsia, pre-term labour. Univariate and multivariate analysis, adjusting for important demographic factors and comorbodities was conducted to assess the relationship of PEP with and without perinatal depression in reduced and full models of ANOVA in regression analysis. (Reduced model Y = β0 + β1X1 + … and the full model Y = β0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3 + β4X4 + β5X5 + β6X6 + …)ResultsPolymorphic eruption of pregnancy with perinatal depression was statistically significant in maternal weight gain in gestation [odds ratio (OR) 1.20; 95% (CI): 1.15–1.30], hormonal changes [(OR) 2.78; 95% (CI): 2.52–2.82], deficit in iron and zinc [(OR) 2.18; 95% (CI): 2.04–2.38], dysregulation of hypothalamic pituitary axis [(OR) 1.37; 95% (CI): 1.18–1.49] and was not statistically significant in pre-maturity, pre-eclampsia and pre-term labour in cases and controls.ConclusionPruritic urticarial papules and plaques of gestation are commonly associated in patients with perinatal derpession.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
IntroductionEven though the association between dermatological conditions in pregnancy with psychiatric findings is vital for patient management, studies on these issues are limited.ObjectiveTo determine the frequency and nature of dermatological problems in pregnant women having primary psychiatric illness.AimTo establish an association between cutaneous manifestations in pregnancy with the hypothesis that psychiatric illness also has a role in pregnancy.MethodsThis was a case control study and non probability convenient sampling was used on 50 pregnant patients with cutaneous manifestations along with psychiatric illness and 50 age matched non pregnant patients free from dermatological conditions and psychiatric illness. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) Criteria was used to diagnose psychiatric illness and for skin manifestations patients underwent a physical examination of skin.ResultsPregnant patients with depressive disorders were associated with atopic eruption of pregnancy [odds ratio (OR) 1.19; 95% (CI): 1.13–1.49], pruritic urticarial papules [(OR) 2.89; 95% (CI): 2.55–2.97], plaques of pregnancy [(OR) 2.14; 95% (CI): 2.01–2.39], prurigo of pregnancy [(OR) 1.33; 95% (CI): 1.17–1.45], intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy [(OR) 2.45; 95% (CI): 2.29–2.67], pemphigoid gestationis [(OR) 1.57; 95% (CI): 1.50–1.68], impetigo herpetiformis [(OR) 1.83; 95% (CI): 1.65–2.24], and pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy [(OR) 2.34; 95% (CI): 2.20–3.62], psoriasis [(OR) 1.75; 95% (CI): 1.64–2.37], melasma [(OR) 1.88; 95% (CI): 1.63–2.49], intrahepatic cholestasis [(OR) 2.77; 95% (CI): 2.14–3.48].ConclusionThe results of the study support the hypothesis, that there is an association between psychiatric and skin diseases in pregnancy.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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