We have measured peripheral plasma immunoreactive somatostatin (SRIF-LI) in 10 healthy subjects and 10 noninsulin-dependent maturity-onset diabetics (NIDDM). The mean (+/-SE) basal level of SRIF-LI in NIDDMs of 185 +/- 27 was similar to that of 174 +/- 23.5 pg/ml in age-, weight-, and sex-matched healthy subjects. Insulin hypoglycemia of equivalent magnitude induced a 113 +/- 15.8 pg/ml increase in SRIF-LI 40 min after injection in healthy subjects and no significant change in the NIDDMs. Ingestion of a mixed meal induced a biphasic rise with a mean peak of 75 +/- 30 pg/ml above basal at 15 min and a later peak of 130 +/- 35 pg/ml above basal at 120 min in healthy subjects. In NIDDM, there was no significant rise above basal, and the differences were significant at 15 and 120 min. Our findings are compatible with deficient SRIF release in these NIDDM in whom the deficient SRIF secretion may contribute to the hyperglycemia.
The effect of soy polysaccharide on postprandial plasma glucose levels was examined in a crossover experiment involving seven obese noninsulin dependent maturity-onset diabetic patients fed a standard meal without or with 10 g of this fiber source. Postprandial concentrations of plasma insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin were measured to explore the mechanism of action. The effect on plasma triglyceride levels was also studied. Supplementation of soy polysaccharide significantly enhanced return of serum glucose levels towards fasting level during the latter half of the meal test. Addition of soy polysaccharide had no effect on plasma insulin levels but appeared (p greater than 0.05) to lessen postprandial increases in glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide levels while it raised somatostatin levels. Soy polysaccharide significantly reduced the rise of postprandial plasma triglyceride levels. The changes in plasma glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin levels may have been instrumental in the observed postprandial glucose and triglyceride effects.
Whole representative groups or randomly selected samples of Indians (of Asian origin) (1,520), Malays (1,252) and African Bantu (1,029) living in the Cape Town area were interviewed by social workers and screened by urine and blood sugar estimations after either a heavy meal or 50 gm. of glucose. Subjects who "screened positive" were subjected to full glucose tolerance tests, on which the final diagnosis of "discovered diabetes" was based. The screening methods used were of approximately comparable sensitivity, and the two sexes were almost equally represented in each age group and race.The difference between postprandial and post-glucose blood sugar was not consistent, and rose with age. The mean screening blood sugar levels of adults rose with age, but in young adults it was no higher than in children. There was no difference between the sexes, except apparently in the Malays. Africans had the lowest and Malays the highest mean blood sugar levels at all ages. (Known diabetics were excluded from these observations.)The known diabetes rate among Indians was 4 per cent over age fifteen, or 10.2 per cent when age-corrected. This is one of the highest prevalence rates known. Known diabetes (0.9 per cent) among the Africans was very similar to that usually reported among white populations. The total (known and discovered) diabetes prevalence among Indians was 10.4 per cent over age fifteen, rising to 60
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