The effect of genetic removal of condensed tannins on the levels of other antinutritional factors in faba beans (Vicio faba L.) has been studied by comparison between partners of six near-isogenic pairs for trypsin inhibitor activities (TIA), concentrations of lectins and pyrimidine glucosides (vicine and convicine), seed weight, and the proportion of testa thereof. Each near-isogenic pair consisted of two lines which were genetically almost identical, apart from the absence [tannin-free (TF)] or presence [tannin-containing (TC)] of condensed tannins. Within these pairs no effect of tannin content was observed on cotyledon-bound TIA or lectin concentrations. Seeds of the TF lines showed higher levels of pyrimidine glucosides, lower seed weight, and lower proportion of testa as compared to the TC lines of the same near-isogenic pair. Methanolic extracts from testa of exclusively the TC lines showed significant TIA with both porcine and bovine trypsin. This TIA was completely inhibited by 1% poly(vinylpyrrolidone). These data indicate that condensed tannins are responsible for the testabound TIA. The observations are discussed in relation to the consequences of breeding faba beans, free of condensed tannins, for the agricultural characteristics and for the nutritional quality of the crop.
Seed samples from two near-isogenic faba bean (Viciafaha L.) Lines were examined for the levels of socalled anti-nutritional factors (ANF). From the ANF known to be present in faba beans, trypsin inhibitor activity, functional lectins, condensed tannins and pyrimidine glycosides were analysed. It was concluded that the lines differed only in the content of condensed tannins being < 0.5 g/kg and 5.2 (SD 0.2) g/kg for the low (LT)-and high (HT)-tannin lines respectively. In addition, the level of pyrimidine glycosides in the LT line was slightly higher than that in the HT Line. The L T line showed a reduced proportion of the seed coat (105 v. 119 g/kg) and a lower seed weight (0.85 v. 1.01 8). The apparent ileal and faecal digestibility values of dry matter and nitrogen from the HT and L T Line were determined for piglets which were fed on diets containing chromium oxide as a marker. The mean apparent ileal and faecal digestibility values for dry matter for the L T line were 0.694 and 0.889 and for N 0.828 and 0.879 respectively. For the HT line, these values were approximately 0.05 and 0.10 lower (P > 0.05). A multienzyme technique was used to predict the in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of the two lines. The IVPD of the LT line was 0.965 and about 0.05 higher than the HT line, confirming the difference in digestibility as measured in vivo. The present study shows the positive effects on digestibility of removal of condensed tannins in faba beans which was achieved by plant breeding.Faba bean: Digestibility: Condensed tannins: Breeding: Piglets Faba beans (Vicia faba L.) are considered a potential component of diets for singlestomached animals. It has been reported that the growth of pigs given diets containing faba beans is less than expected from their chemical composition (Aherne et al. 1977). This discrepancy becomes apparent with inclusion rates of more than 15 YO in the diet while at 40 YO severe reduction in performance was observed (Fowler, 1980). The presence in diets of raw legumes may alter the physiological and metabolic functions due to several anti-nutritional factors (ANF) present in the seeds of Vicia faba L.
Over 5000 plants from 64 tuber-bearing wild Solanum spp . have been individually screened for resistance to Meloidogyne chitwoodi, M. fallax and M. hapla. Seedlings were analyzed by means of counting number of egg masses and resistance was verified by retesting low-scoring plants using stem cuttings . Resistance to both M. chitwoodi and M. fallax was observed in S. bulbocastanum, S. cardiophyllum, S. brachistotrichum, S . fendleri and S. hougasii. Only in S. chacoense and to a lesser extent in S . stoloniferum and S. gourlayi differential results between M. chitwoodi and M. fallax were observed. Resistance to M. hapla was found in S. bulbocastanum, S. brachistotrichum, S. cardiophyllum, S . arnezii, S . chacoense, S. tarijense, S . boliviense, S. gourlayi, S. microdontum, S. sparsipilum, S . spegazzinii, S. sucrense, S . acaule and S. hougasii . The occurrence of resistance in wild Solanum species in relation to their taxonomic status and the implications for introgression of resistance into S . tuberosum are discussed .
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