Alterations in life-history traits of Chironomus riparius (Diptera) obtained from metal contaminated rivers Postma, J.F.; van Kleunen, A.; Admiraal, W. Published in:Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology DOI:10.1007/BF00208376 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA):Postma, J. F., van Kleunen, A., & Admiraal, W. (1995). Alterations in life-history traits of Chironomus riparius (Diptera) obtained from metal contaminated rivers. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 29, 469-475. DOI: 10.1007/BF00208376 General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Download date: 10 May 2018Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29, 469-475 (1995) A R C H I V E S O F Abstract. Cadmium tolerance in field populations of the midge Chironomus riparius was studied by comparing the effects of chronic cadmium exposure on several life-history parameters using first generation, laboratory-reared animals. Differences between populations of C. riparius were therefore assumed to have a genetic basis. Field populations naturally exposed to metals were less sensitive to cadmium compared to unexposed populations, when larval development time and hatchability of the egg masses were measured. However, larval mortality still increased with cadmium exposure and no differences between exposed and unexposed populations were observed. Furthermore, life-history patterns differed between metal tolerant and nontolerant populations grown under control conditions. Metal tolerant populatipns were characterized by a high control mortality (50%) or an increased larval development time (with 30%). The results, therefore, indicated the presence of costs of tolerance, while a direct selection on certain life-history characteristics due to metal pollution was absent. E n v i r o n m e n t a l C o n t a m i n a t i o n a n d T o x i c o l o g yAn increase in metal tolerance of exposed populations is well documented for bacteria (Trevors et al. 1985), plants (Antonovics et al. 1971;Macnair 1993), and several animal species (Klerks and Weis 1987;Posthuma and Van Straalen 1993). Among Diptera, metal tolerant populations are well known for the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Chapco et al. 1978;Magnusson and Ramel 1986;Nassar 1979), but to a less extent for chironomids. ...

46Alien species are considered one of the major causes contributing to the current loss of

The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of applying equilibrium partitioning (EqP) theory to predict the bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by earthworms when these are exposed to contaminated soils in the field. Studies carried out in situ in various contaminated floodplain sites showed the presence of linear relationships with intercept zero between the lipid‐normalized concentration of different PAHs in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus and the organic‐matter‐normalized concentration of the compounds in soil. The demonstration of such an isometric relationship is in agreement with the prediction of EqP theory that the biota‐soil accumulation factor (BSAF) should be independent of the octanol/water partition coefficient, log Kow. The average BSAF of PAH compounds in the sampled 20‐cm top layer of soil was 0.10 (range, 0.03–0.26). The present study also investigated the route of uptake of PAHs for earthworms in soil. The bioconcentration factor of low‐molecular‐weight PAHs, such as phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, was derived from bioconcentration kinetic modeling of water‐only experiments and found to be of the same order of magnitude as the bioaccumulation factor in the field when the latter was normalized to calculated concentrations in soil pore water. The results indicated that the exposure of earthworms to PAHs in soil is mediated through direct contact of the worms with the dissolved interstitial soil‐water phase, further supporting the applicability of EqP theory to PAHs. Our experimental data on the biotransformation of PAHs suggest that earthworms possess some capacity of metabolization, although this does not seem to be a major factor in the total elimination of these compounds. Even though the EqP approach was found to be applicable to low‐molecular‐weight PAHs with respect to the prediction of bioaccumulation by earthworms in the field, the results were less conclusive for high‐molecular‐weight compounds, such as benzo[a]pyrene.

Abstract-The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of applying equilibrium partitioning (EqP) theory to predict the bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by earthworms when these are exposed to contaminated soils in the field. Studies carried out in situ in various contaminated floodplain sites showed the presence of linear relationships with intercept zero between the lipid-normalized concentration of different PAHs in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus and the organic-matternormalized concentration of the compounds in soil. The demonstration of such an isometric relationship is in agreement with the prediction of EqP theory that the biota-soil accumulation factor (BSAF) should be independent of the octanol/water partition coefficient, log K ow . The average BSAF of PAH compounds in the sampled 20-cm top layer of soil was 0.10 (range, 0.03-0.26). The present study also investigated the route of uptake of PAHs for earthworms in soil. The bioconcentration factor of lowmolecular-weight PAHs, such as phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, was derived from bioconcentration kinetic modeling of water-only experiments and found to be of the same order of magnitude as the bioaccumulation factor in the field when the latter was normalized to calculated concentrations in soil pore water. The results indicated that the exposure of earthworms to PAHs in soil is mediated through direct contact of the worms with the dissolved interstitial soil-water phase, further supporting the applicability of EqP theory to PAHs. Our experimental data on the biotransformation of PAHs suggest that earthworms possess some capacity of metabolization, although this does not seem to be a major factor in the total elimination of these compounds. Even though the EqP approach was found to be applicable to low-molecular-weight PAHs with respect to the prediction of bioaccumulation by earthworms in the field, the results were less conclusive for high-molecular-weight compounds, such as benzo [a]pyrene.

Worldwide distribution of non-native Amazon parrots and temporal trends of their global trade.-Alien species are the second leading cause of the global biodiversity crisis, after habitat loss and fragmentation. Popular pet species, such as parrots and parakeets (Aves, Psittaciformes), are often introduced outside their native range as a result of the pet trade. On escape from captivity, some such species, such as the ring-necked parakeet and the monk parakeet, are highly invasive and successfully compete with native species. Populations of Amazon parrots (Amazona spp.) can be found throughout the world, but data on their status, distribution and impact are incomplete. We gathered and reviewed the available information concerning global trade, distribution, abundance and ecology of Amazon parrots outside their native range. Our review shows that at least nine species of Amazon parrots have established populations outside their original range of occurrence throughout the world (in Europe, South Africa, the Caribbean islands, Hawaii, and North and South America). Their elusive behaviour and small population size suggest that the number of alien nuclei could be underestimated or at undetected. Despite international trade bans, the large trade of wild-caught Amazon parrots in past decades appears to have contributed to the establishment of alien populations worldwide. Establishment success seems to differ geographically. While European populations are still small and growing slowly, USA populations are large and expanding geographically. This difference is not related to large propagule pressure (trade) but possibly to a better niche match between native and introduced ranges. Amazona aestiva is the most frequently encountered Amazona parrot, with at least eight alien populations reported to date. All these populations, with the exception of those in the USA where the climate is more suitable for their establishment, are composed of a low number of individuals even though they have been established for a long period of time. Further research is required as little information is available on the ecology and potential impact of these alien populations. ResumenDistribución en el mundo de los loros introducidos del género Amazona y tendencias temporales de su comercio a escala mundial.-Las especies exóticas son la segunda causa de la crisis de biodiversidad mundial, precedida por la pérdida y la fragmentación del hábitat. Algunas especies populares como mascotas, como los loros y las cotorras (Aves, Psittaciformes) suelen introducirse fuera de su área de distribución nativa a consecuencia del comercio de animales de compañía. Si escapan de su cautiverio, algunas de estas especies, como la cotorra de Kramer y la cotorra argentina, son sumamente invasivas y compiten con las especies autóctonas. Las poblaciones de loros del género Amazona pueden encontrarse en todo el mundo, pero los datos relativos a su estado, distribución y efectos son incompletos. Recopilamos y examinamos la información disponible relativa a la ecología,...