Purpose: the purpose of this article is to study the current and potential opportunities for using blockchain technology in systems for recording and registering property rights to land.Methods: the work was based on a comprehensive and system analysis, a comparison of international practices for working with blockchain technology, as well as the study and comparison of existing international practices in the subject area under consideration.Results: systems based on blockchain technology can be used in systems for recording and registering rights to land plots, however, they must be adapted to the existing procedure and consider legal requirements. Since an institutional infrastructure is needed to guarantee real estate rights, only the use of closed private or hybrid blockchain technology, administered by employees of a public institution and used by legitimate participants in real estate transactions (e.g., notaries and real estate lawyers) with the provision of proper user identification, can be accepted. into account. These theses are confirmed by practical examples based on the results of the analysis among 12 countries. In states with a high degree of digitalization of rights registration systems, a significant level of involvement of state bodies remains, and a system based on the principles of a private closed blockchain is used as an additional technology that supports existing registration systems.Conclusions and Relevance: blockchain technology can be used as a tool to improve the efficiency of existing land registration systems and increase the security level of ongoing transactions. At the same time, transactions will be transparent, immutable and recoverable. However, taking into account the specifics of registration and transfer of rights, features of legislative and legal norms. It is recommended to continue the discussion of the optimal legal and technical ways to use the opportunities offered by blockchain technology, in accordance with the main functions of accounting and registration systems for land rights.
The article examines the main quantitative parameters of the global research and development (R&D) sector for 2020-2021 in the national, regional and sectoral dimensions; and also identifies the main directions of some world’s leading countries’ state policy in the field of science and innovation. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the entire global innovation ecosystem. A significant adjustment of innovation policy benchmarks in favor of R&D in health care and information and communication technologies has been required. There has been a significant increase in the number and volume of initial public offerings (IPOs) in the biopharmaceutical sector. Due to the uncertain outlook of the global economy, the total number of IPOs and mergers and acquisitions (M&As), including in high-tech industries, dropped. However, as soon as the situation has improved, activity in this area began to recover. Changes have emerged due to the decline in economic activity in many countries and industries because of the restrictions associated with the pandemic. In the United States, for example, six of the top ten companies in patenting in 2020 showed a decline in relevant indicators. The authors analyzed the amount of R&D funding in the world’s leading countries and in particular in the US; studied the dynamics of IPOs in the world as a whole, by macroregions, by leading countries and by leading companies in terms of the amount of funds raised, as well as by technological areas, which most of the IPO companies belonged to. The most active companies in the US and EU patent offices were identified, as well as technological areas in which the greatest inventive activity was noted. The key program documents of the scientific and technical policy of the UNCTAD, China, the USA, India, Japan, the EU and Great Britain are examined.
Purpose: is to study and analyze the rapid development of the practical application of the blockchain in the economy of the PRC. The Chinese government keeps pursuing a policy of intensive introduction of the technology in manufacturing and trade, what could become a determining factor in interaction with partner countries.Methods: the paper is based on a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the strategy for the development of blockchain technology in China, as well as an analysis of the intermediate results of the phased introduction of technology into the national economy of the country.Results: the Chinese government is aimed at large-scale implementation of blockchain solutions in the country's economy as part of the measures to intensively develop the «digital economy» and strengthen their leading position in the global economy. China demonstrates its strong intention to participate at first-hand in setting standards and rules for blockchain technologies in the field of finance and international trade through the internationalization of national blockchain technologies, including the digital yuan, in cooperation with partner countries and trade associations.Сonclusions and Relevance: the formation of China's economic regional and global is due to the strengthening of the national economy, its resilience and ability to recover quickly, and intensification its position in world trade. At the same time, the intensive development of blockchain technologies in China, pushing the technology into the national economy and state support determine the strengthening of leading positions in the technological field. To accelerate the internationalization of its blockchain solutions, the Chinese government, on the one hand, relies on the proposed solutions innovativeness and exclusivity, on the other hand, takes measures at the political and diplomatic levels to foster it.
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