Relevance. Enterococcus are ubiquitous, and can cause various infections, up to endocarditis. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) infections are difficult and expensive to treat. According to the AMRmap (Online Platform for Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance Data in Russia) data for 2017–2020, VRE cases were reported in all federal districts of the Russian Federation, with one of the highest VRE rates in St. Petersburg (4.27%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.1–8.6)). But further, larger studies in each region are required. Aims. The study is to identify the epidemiological features of infections/colonization caused by VRE in Saint-Petersburg hospitals in 2017–2020. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the prevalence of VRE isolated from hospital patients (51 hospitals of various profiles) in St. Petersburg for the period from 2017 to 2020 was performed. Results. During the study period, VRE rate was 5.3% (95% CI 5.1–5.6). The highest proportion (11.6%, 95% CI 10.4–13)) and incidence (0.6 per 1000 patients) of VRE was observed in children hospitals, the lowest – in maternity homes 0.5% (95% CI 0.3– 0.7). Throughout the analysis period VRE were detected in clinical specimens of patients from most of the departments. In adult hospitals, the proportion of VREs was significantly higher in oncohematology 14.6% (95% CI 9.6–21.7), neurology 10.8% (95% CI 7.4–15.6), and intensive care units 10.1% (95% CI 9.4–11.0). In 2020, there was a dramatic increase in VREs in neurology, cardiology, and infection departments in adult hospitals. Neonatology and intensive care units in children hospitals had the highest proportion of VRE, 40.7% (95% CI 34–48.3) and 29.8% (95% CI 21.04–40.3), respectively. In departments of other profiles, this rate varied from year to year, which may be related with clusters in hospitals and departments. Sporadic cases were detected in both neonatal and obstetric departments of maternity homes. The most common clinical specimen with isolated VRE was urine; this was characteristic of departments of almost all profiles and for children intensive care patients also VRE was isolated in gastric fluid and feces often. Conclusions. The proportion of VRE isolated from clinical specimens from patients in St. Petersburg hospitals is at an average level compared to other regions of the Russian Federation and other countries. The highest prevalence of VRE was noted in pediatric hospitals. Risk groups are patients of neonatology and intensive care departments in children's hospitals and oncohematology, neurology and intensive care departments in adult hospitals. VRE are most commonly found in the urine of patients. Screening for VRE among patients in at-risk units and contact precautions should be taken to VRE-infected/colonized patients.
Relevance. In 2020, there was a unique situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the anti-epidemic measures introduced in this regard. To date, the question of how these methods affect the spread of other infectious diseases, including salmonellosis, has not been studied.Target. To assess the impact of anti-epidemic measures during the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemic process of salmonella infection in St. Petersburg.Materials and methods. Reporting form No. 2 of Rospotrebnadzor «Information on infectious and parasitic diseases» for 2018–2020 and data from the State report «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in St. Petersburg in 2019», «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in St. Petersburg in 2020». Data processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft®, USA), Statistica for Windows (StatSoft®, USA) with the determination of the level of significance (p), the calculation of confidence intervals (95% CI) was carried out in the EpiTools application.Results. The incidence of salmonellosis in 2020 was significantly lower than in the previous 2 years 28.86 (95% CI 27.45–30.34) per 100 ths population, and in 2019 and 2018 – 49.8 (95% CI 47.9–51.7) and 39.21 (95% CI 37.6– 40.9) per 100 ths of the population respectively. When analyzing the incidence of salmonellosis in 1995 to 2020, it was revealed that in 2020 the incidence rate was the lowest over the past 25 years and below the multi-year average (37 per 100 ths population) in St. Petersburg by 22%. A decrease in the incidence of salmonellosis was observed in 2020 and in the Russian Federation as a whole compared to 2019, the indicator increased 1.6 times and amounted to 14.71 per 100 ths rubles. population (multi-year average – 29.1). In 2020, there was a change in the intra-annual incidence of salmonellosis. While the peak incidence of salmonellosis persisted in the autumn period (September–October), in 2020 there was no characteristic rise in the spring period, as was observed in 2018 and 2019, which may be due to the spring lockdown (p = 0.03). The decrease in the incidence of salmonellosis was due to a significant decrease in the incidence among adults, while this was not observed in other age groups. In 2018–2020, diseases in the population were caused by 61 serotypes of Salmonella: in 2018 – 33, in 2019 – 32, and in 2020 – 39 serotypes. During the pandemic, the decrease in the incidence of salmonellosis was due to the decrease in the incidence caused by S. Enteritis, which in 2020 amounted to 19.91 (95% CI 18.73-21.14) per 100 thousand population, while in 2019 – 39, 01 (95% CI 37.4–40.7) and in 2018 – 31.24 (95% CI 29.8–32.8) per 100 ths population. At the same time, the decrease in the incidence rate was a decrease in the incidence rate among adults, while in other age groups no changes in the incidence rate were observed. The incidence due to other salmonella serotypes did not change. There were no significant differences in the incidence of salmonellosis by sex and age.Conclusion. The measures introduced during the pandemic in 2020 led to a decrease in the incidence of salmonellosis in St. Petersburg by reducing the incidence of salmonellosis caused by S. Enteritidis among adults.
Organization of training in the context of COVID-19 pandemic demanded the development and implementation of active epidemiological surveillance for acute respiratory infections in students and teaching staff of the Medical University. The study was aimed to identify the features of the COVID-19 epidemic process among students and teaching staff in 2020–2022. The analysis of COVID-19 incidence among students and teaching staff in the academic years 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 was carried out. The study was conducted on 6293 students enrolled in the academic year 2020–2021, 6148 students enrolled in the academic year 2021–2022, and 772 teaching staff members. In the academic year 2020–2021, COVID-19 was detected in 681 students, among whom the cumulative incidence (CI) was 10.83 (95% CI: 10.08-11.61) per 100 students, and 79 teaching staff members, among whom the CI was 10.23 (95% CI: 8.09–12.37); in the academic year 2021–2022 infection was detected in 690 students, the CI was 11.44 (95% CI: 10.64–12.24) per 100 students, and 75 teaching staff members, the CI was 9.71 (95% CI: 7.62%–11.80%). In 26.3% affected individuals, COVID-19 was detected when contacting the University outpatient clinic. The incidence among students living in the dormitories did not exceed that among students living in private apartments (p = 0.36), and no outbreaks were reported. There was a strong positive correlation between the incidence among residents of St. Petersburg and the incidence among students (r = 0.77). Over the entire period, probable setting of transmission was determined in 39.9% of infected individuals, contact most often (15.2%) occurred when working in the health care facilities. The incidence of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) among students and teaching staff members in the academic years 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 is directly related to their involvement in the COVID-19 epidemic process in St. Petersburg.
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