Studying student migration trends is a significant task in studying human capital development as one of the leading factors in sustainable socio-economic development. The migration potential of students impacts the opportunities and prospects for sustainable development. The study of factors influencing the migration behavior of students acquires special significance in this article. The interpersonal competencies of the population impact its migration potential. Migration processes impact the differentiation of regions in terms of human capital. This article is based on theoretical and practical research on human capital, its formation, development, and migration as a factor in human capital development. The practical part of the study presents an analysis of data obtained from a sociological study of the factors that determine internal and international migration. An anonymous sociological survey of students in Ekaterinburg, Kursk, and Tomsk (Russia) was conducted in several stages. The first stage was implemented in October and December 2020 (N = 958). The second stage was implemented in October and November 2021 (N = 960). This study allows for tracing how the COVID-19 pandemic affects the migration potential of students and their desire for a satisfactory career path.

The article presents the results of modeling a ship’s synchronous generator. Based on preliminary design calculations, a geometric model of the generator was built. The static and overclocking processes of the generator are investigated. For static modes, the frequency response of the process is obtained. A numerical model was used to identify a mechanical defect. On the example of a simulated defect of an electrical machine - the eccentricity of the generator rotor, the signature of the defect signal is obtained. The study revealed that the presence of rotor eccentricity leads to the appearance of a harmonic component in the spectrum of the force of large amplitude with a maximum value at a low frequency. Transient analysis was carried out using wavelet transformations. The results of the study of dynamics show how the rotor speed increases. The simulation revealed three frequency regions of the signal under study: the region of the increase in speed, the achievement of the critical speed (between the second and third seconds), and the exit to the steady-state. A diagram of a system for diagnosing defects in an electrical machine using a digital twin - a numerical model is proposed. Generator defects (mechanical and electromechanical) can be identified based on model data. Databases of defect signatures in a static mode and a diagnostic model, which contains algorithms for deciding on the presence of a defect, can serve as the basis of information for an operator to decide.

An analysis of the results of rail operation shows that up to a third of all rail breaks in the railway line and up to 12.9% of all withdrawn acute defective rails are associated with welded joints. This is largely explained by the formation of structures with martensite sections in the welded joints of rails and the formation of burns. This work presents the results of studying welded joints, obtained under three welding modes (continuous flash welding, pulsating flash welding and combined flash welding). The conducted studies have shown that the flash welding mode significantly influences both the cooling rate value and the very nature of the thermal cycle of the welded joint as a whole. Changes in the cooling rate under different modes exert a significant influence on the structure and properties of the weld. Resistance welding of rails from the steel grade E76HGF by pulsating flash welding can result in the appearance of needle martensite areas, which is the reason for increased embrittlement of the weld and a decrease in its properties. The conducted field experiments have reliably shown that in the conditions of the combined welding mode it becomes possible to avoid these problems. Moreover, a slight increase in the mechanical properties of the weld in the range of 2–4% has been experimentally recorded, and the destructive load of the welded joint of the rail increases by 2–3% at high values of the bending deflection. In turn, these factors allow a significant reduction in the number of cases of rail welded-joint failures in real conditions of their operation.

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