Investigations of periodic changes of the intensity of biological processes and phenomena both at the level of the functioning of a single cell [1] and of an entire organism [2][3][4][5] have been extensively described. The available literature data indicate that the temporal organization of biological systems should be character ized by an entire spectrum of periods of different dura tions [6]. Cosmo physical effects, oscillations of the Earth's magnetic field, solar activity rhythms, and other factors are among the subjects that are discussed as causes of oscillations in biological systems [7][8][9][10]. Nevertheless, the question of the mechanism(s) of action of these factors upon biological systems remains a hot topic of scientific discussion.The objective of this study was the elucidation of rhythms in the entire biological system that would allow one to use it in the future in experiments to investigate the mechanism(s) of the effects of external low intensity physical factors (including those of a cosmo physical and geomagnetic nature) on the dynamics of biological processes. Luminous bacteria that exhibit luminescence in the visible range of the spectrum, characterized by high sensitivity and rapid response times to the actions of various factors, which is easy to record instrumentally, are very suitable for this purpose. Pulse type bioluminescence oscillation rhythms of a single bacterium were described in [11].Luminous bacteria are a group of microorganisms that are capable of emitting light in the green-blue range of the visible spectrum. This group includes 17 species, with the majority of them being marine species. The luminous bacteria Photobacterium phos phoreum are distinct from others in having the most prolonged and intensive emission [12].Hence, the objective of this study was an investiga tion of the bioluminescence dynamics of Photobacte rium phosphoreum under the condition of the growth of the colonies on solid medium at optimal growth conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODSThe IMV V 7071 strain of the luminous marine bacterium P. phosphoreum from the culture collection of the Zabolotnyi Institute of Microbiology and Virol ogy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was used as an object of the study.To investigate the bioluminescence dynamics of a single colony of the luminous bacteria growing on a solidified agar based synthetic medium the following medium composition was used (g/L): peptone, 5.0; yeast extract, 1.0; NaCl, 30.0; Na 2 HPO 4 , 5.3; KH 2 PO 4 ⋅ 2H 2 O, 2.1; (NH 4 )HPO 4 , 0.5; MgSO 4 ⋅ 7H 2 O, 0.1; agar, 20.0; glycerol, 3.0 mL/L; distilled water, up to 1 L, and a pH of 7.6. A detailed protocol for P. phosphoreum bacteria cultivation was presented in [13].The dynamics of the bacterial luminescence inten sity were investigated using an experimental setup that was designed in our laboratory. The measurement technique was as follows: the light (λ = 490 nm from a sample with luminous bacteria was focused on the photocathode of an FEU 115 photomultiplier tube using a fast high num...
Since 1988, the Russian Federation has required that laws, plans, programs and all kind of projects undergo an environmental assessment. A mandatory component of the EIA in Russia is public participation. In this paper different case studies are used to find out to what extent public could influence environmental decision making processes from the early eighties until 2002. The cases selected include several where the public was passive or where it had limited activities, but also some where the participation was strong and projects were improved or stopped. As far as these case studies highlighted, the civil society in Russia can be described as an organized and sometimes strong factor in the approval process. The behaviour displayed by decision-makers, however, revealed at times a remarkable democratic deficit.
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