Aim. Some viruses can subvert host defense mechanism, autophagy, to their own benefit. We analysed the effect of Rubella virus (RV) infection on autophagy in human alveolar epithelial cells A549. Materials and methods. Cells were infected with the wild type and lab-attenuated strain, C-77w and C-77a, respectively, with a multiplicity of infection of 1.0, in parallel, the expression level of genes encoding Beclin1, Atg5, Rab7, and p62 (SQSTM1) proteins participating in different steps of autolysosome formation was measured. To investigate the role of autophagy on RV replication cycle, we measured the amount of infectious RV particles, together with the viral RNA in supernatants and cell lysates, after incubation of A549 cells with wild type or attenuated strain in the presence of the autophagy inhibitor, Bafilomycin A1, or inducer, Rapamycin. Results. The significant increase in Beclin1 and Atg5 gene expression at 24-48 (for the wild type) and 24-72 (for the attenuated type) hours after infection was observed, while significant induction of either Rab7 or SQSTM1 gene expression was not noticed. This effect was correlated with more delayed increase of IFNβ expression and IFNβ-mediated pro-apoptotic gene expression leading to apoptotic cell death 72-96 hours after infection. Moreover, Bafilomycin A1 diminished the RV infection non significantly, as evidenced by the RT-qPCR and plaque assay, while Rapamycin increased the amount of infectious RV particles released by the infected cells more dramatically with wild type comparing with attenuated strain. Conclusion. Thus, we hypothesized that RV can use an antiviral mechanism to prevent degradation and ensure its replication, differentially regulating the process of autophagy, by stimulating the initiation and suppression of later steps.
Эпилептическая аура -короткий фокальный эпи-лептический приступ, протекающий при сохранном со-знании и сопровождающийся субъективными пережива-ниями пациента. Согласно рекомендациям комиссии по классификации ILAE, аура считается фокальным сенсор-ным приступом [1,2]. Выделяют ауру изолированную и предшествующую другим видам эпилептических присту-пов: аутомоторным или вторично-генерализованным. Ау-ра имеет короткую продолжительность и обычно длится от нескольких секунд до 1 мин. Сознание пациента в мо-мент ауры всегда сохранно, так как это простой парциаль-ный сенсорный приступ, однако во время переживания сложных психических аур пациент может не реагировать на внешние раздражители, но всегда помнит переживае-мые ощущения [2,3].Считается, что термин «эпилептическая аура» право-мочен только в случаях документального подтверждения: выявления эпилептиформных феноменов при электроэн-цефалографии (ЭЭГ) в момент внезапно возникших ощу-щений пациента или когда вслед за аурой развивается другой тип приступов. Согласно разработанной в Cleveland Clinic Foundation (США), классификации различают следующие виды аур: соматосенсорные, зрительные, слу-ховые, головокружение, обонятельные, вкусовые, психи-ческие, вегетативные, абдоминальные, неспецифические [3,4]. Ecstatic seizures is a rare manifestation of epilepsy. They were described for the first time by F.M. Dostoevsky. Currently, the description of ecstatic seizures is possible to find in the scientific literature. The description of the own observation of a patient with emotional-affective seizures is presented. A role of the anterior insular cortex in the ecstatic seizures origin is discussed. The similarities between the feelings reported during ecstatic seizures and the feelings experienced under the effect of stimulant addictive drugs are described. The possible reasons of the low frequency of emotional-affective seizures are considered.
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