Driven by the increase of oil price in the market as well as environmental concerns by the society, a renewable raw material such as vegetable oil becomes the alternative to produce bio-based polyol to replace non-renewable polyols in polyurethane production. The recent development of aqueous polyurethane dispersion proves that environmentally waterborne PUD offers an efficient alternative to the solvent-borne PUD for the application in ink, adhesives, and coatings. In this study, the jatropha oil has been successfully functionalized to polyol (JOL) by epoxidation and oxirane ring opening steps. Jatropha oil-based waterborne polyurethane (JPU) dispersions were produced by polymerizing the JOL with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA). The colloidal stability of JPU dispersions was studied in terms of particle size and zeta potential. Varying DMPA content from 5.0-7.0 wt.% resulted in small average particle size of dispersion from 39.40 nm to 133.2 nm. High zeta potential obtained in a range of -52 mV to -65 mV indicates the particles in the dispersion are sufficiently separated and therefore stable. Eventually, the study provides an overview of vegetable oil-based waterborne polyurethane dispersion with good stability for surface coating application.
In the following discussion, the authors present a comparison of various societies in Borneo which includes for the first time a society that features descent groups. The claim that the Dusun society of the Upper Labuk River in inland North Borneo or Sabah possesses descent groups is one that has yet to be acknowledged in the wider Borneo literature. Descent groups are typically representative of some form of lineally ordered
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