The physical methods of enhanced oil recovery using electromagnetic fields are studied in this paper. Purpose of the work is to study the dependence of the main quantities that determine the volume of filtered oil, including the viscosity of oil, on the parameters (temperature, intensity and frequency) of thermal and electromagnetic fields, and optimize these parameters for maximum oil recovery factor using electric fields and steam treatment of the formation.It is proposed to combine the most effective and environmentally friendly methods to increase oil production. In the developed technique, methods of converting steam energy are used to create a torque of the drilling device with simultaneous steam treatment of the bottomhole zone of the reservoir. As well as the impact of an alternating electromagnetic field on the reservoir matrix and interstratal liquid fluids to create currents, increase the mobility of molecules of liquid fluids, and, as a consequence, increase the temperature and lower the viscosity of oil, which will increase oil recovery. As a result of numerous experimental experiments carried out using the original setup in the laboratory of the branch of the Tyumen Industrial University in Nizhnevartovsk, it was shown that a decrease in viscosity is observed only when exposed to simultaneous thermal and electromagnetic fields.
Mines, works, water rock-crushing mills, furnaces for smelting of metals (gold, silver, lead, copper, zinc, mercury, iron), and fields of slag dumps dating from the 1st through the 19th centuries have been found in more than 50 places in the Chatkalo-Kuraminskii mining district (Tashkent Oasis) [1].The goal of the present work is to determine the specific activity of natural radionuclides in the uranium-thorium families and 40 K and to establish the elemental composition in samples of slag taken from dumps in the basins of the Bashkyzylsai River and its tributary, the Kyzylalmasai in the foothills of the Chatkal range, dating to the 5-7th centuries and from tributaries of the Akhangaran-Karabau and Karasarai Rivers in the foothills of the Kuraminskii Range, dating to the 11-12th centuries. The radionuclide composition of the samples was determined by γ-ray spectroscopy and the elemental composition, by neutron activation and x-ray spectral analysis.Two forms of samples were taken by quartering: vitrified slag in the form of solidified streams with smooth surfaces (initially extracted from the bottom of a smelter furnace) and slag with a porous structure formed on a molten metal surface. The color of the slag varied from black to dark gray. The overall number of samples was 27, each with a mass of 2 kg. The samples were first ground up in a agate mortar to a powder with a grain size of ≤10 µm and packaged in polyethylene bags. Samples with a mass of 1.5 kg, ground to a grain size of 5 mm and packed in sealed, one-liter Marinelli vessels, were used for the γ spectroscopy studies. The 50-mg samples for neutron activation analysis were packed in polyethylene bags and samples for x-ray spectroscopic analysis were prepared by drying 500 mg ground samples in vacuum and then adding 50 mg of boric acid. Samples in the form of 10 × 2 mm tablets were prepared by pressing (3 tons/cm 2 ) the carefully blended mixture.The radioactivity of the samples was measured in a Marinelli geometry using a scintillation gamma-ray spectrometer equipped with a 63 × 63 mm NaI(Tl) crystal (10% energy resolution at the E γ = 661 keV 137 Co line) and mounted in a lead box with 10-cm-thick walls. The γ-ray spectrum of each sample was accumulated over a period of 6 h. The instrument
Colcothar is a solid pitch-like substance with a shiny surface ranging in color from dark brown to black, with a specific smell and bitter taste. It is a mixture of organic and inorganic substances which are usually soluble in water. Since ancient times it has been used for treating many sicknesses, and its origin (animal, plant, petroleum, deep, excrement, bee, mineral, and so on) is still unknown [1,2].In the present work, the elemental composition of colcothar obtained from 10 samples of raw material taken from a cave in paleozoic rock on the northern slopes of the Turkestan mountain range was investigated. The samples were obtained by repeatedly extracting the initial material using water followed by evaporation. The organoleptic indicators of the samples -20-22.5% mineral, 71.1-77.9% organic, 2.1-6.4% moisture -are characteristic for many types of colcothar [2].Measurement Procedure. Results. The content of chemical elements (see Table 1) was determined by the following methods:• instrumental neutron-activation analysis with irradiation of the samples (50 mg) with thermal neutrons with flux density 6·10 12 sec -1 ·cm -2 in the VVR-SM reactor at the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan [3]; • atomic-absorption analysis on a Hitachi (Japan) Z-8000 spectrophotometer;• emission-spectral analysis on a DFS 8 diffraction spectrograph; • chemical quantitative analysis used in geological practice [4]. These methods determined in 10 samples of colcothar, as a whole, the content of 44 elements to within 5-30%. The variance in the content of most elements in the samples does not exceed a factor of 3-4, but it reaches 10 for selenium and thorium.Since the content of natural radionuclides from the uranium-thorium series is low in colcothar, the radioactivity of colcothar was determined for a collection of all ten samples (total mass 1200 g). The specific activity of 40 K, 226 Ra, and 228 Ac in the sample is 2010, ≤1, ≤2 Bq/kg, respectively. The measurements were performed on a γ spectrometer with a Ge(Li) detector (V = 100 cm 3 , ∆E γ~ 6 keV at E γ = 1332 keV) in the geometry of a one-liter Marinelli vessel. In the γ spectrum of colcothar the total absorption peaks for γ radiation from 226 Ra ( 238 U series), 228 Ac ( 232 Th series), and their daughter radionuclides are comparable in intensity with the background spectrum, while the 1461 keV γ radiation from 40 K is more than 4 times higher than the background value. The spectrometer was calibrated with respect to the γ-ray detection efficiency using standard volume sources (OMASN) of 40 K, 137 Cs, 226 Ra, and 232 Th. The measurement procedure is described in detail in [5].
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.