Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection and duodenogastric reflux (DGR) are both linked to endoscopic and premalignant gastric lesion development, but it is still unclear whether they are independent or have a causal relationship. This study investigated the histologic gastric changes in patients with primary DGR and H. pylori infection, as well as their endoscopic findings, symptoms, drug consumption, and social behavior in comparison with patients presenting only DGR. The study included 560 patients with primary DGR on endoscopy divided into two groups, according to the presence/absence of H. pylori infection on biopsy (utilizing usual stainings and immunohistochemical methods). There was no significant difference in terms of age and sex, nor in the frequency of diabetes or esophagitis between the studied groups. Epigastric pain was associated with H. pylori-positive biopsies in multivariate logistic regression analysis (P=0.005). Although without statistical significance, severe endoscopic lesions and premalignant gastric lesions were more frequent in the H. pylori group (45.1 vs. 28.4% and 37.4 vs. 32.3%, respectively). In patients with DGR, the final multivariate model revealed a positive association between smoking and immunohistochemically confirmed H. pylori infection (P=0.02, OR=1.88, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.10 to 3.21), but a negative effect of proton pump inhibitor consumption (P<0.001, OR=0.50, 95% CI=0.35 to 0.73). In conclusion, in patients with H. pylori infection and DGR, epigastric pain was the main reason for the endoscopic investigation. H. pylori infection over DGR did not influence the severity of endoscopic or premalignant gastric lesion development. Furthermore, smoking is directly related to immunohistochemically assessed active H. pylori infection in patients with bile reflux.
Introduction: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most frequently occurring types of cancer in humans. Scientometric research is an innovative method for analyzing the research trends in various domains, with great implications in the field of medicine. Materials and Methods: We searched the Web of Science database with the following established query terms: “Squamous cell carcinoma”, “skin”, and “immunohistochemistry”. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 76 articles were selected. The present study aims to analyze, based on the frequency of use of keywords with scientometric algorithms and map-based distributions, the trends of the research concerning cSCCs in 2017–2022. Results: A graphical representation based on 11 scientometric maps presented the division of the keywords into seven clusters, from which seven categories of research interest were defined. The clusters represent a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment of cSCCs, cancer diagnostics, patient outcomes, histopathological importance, management of cSCCs, role of progression, and adequate treatment of and importance of immunohistochemistry for cSCCs. The distribution of the citations shows the importance of the available research on cSCCs by analyzing the first five most-cited articles included in our study in direct concordance with the seven defined clusters. Conclusion: The scientometric research method reveals the interest of research in the multidisciplinary approach used to obtain the best outcomes for the patient, including a targeted investigation, as well as diagnostic and treatment options. The trends in the research reveal that histopathological diagnostics and immunohistochemistry, combined with molecular techniques, are the most important tools used to establish a personalized diagnosis, thus increasing the quality of life and life expectancy for patients with cSCCs.
Melanoma is the most aggressive melanocytic tumor whose incidence is continuously increasing worldwide. Methods: We highlight the morphological, immunohistochemistry, and particularities of various melanoma types based on the cases diagnosed in our department from 2017 to 2021. Results: We present 100 melanoma cases and one capsular nevus case. The most common type was nodular melanoma. The immunohistochemistry markers used were SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10), S100 protein, human melanoma black 45 (HMB45), and melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (Melan-A). Uveal melanoma and conjunctival melanoma represent particular tumors with independent prognostic factors. Uveal melanoma requires assessment of macrophages, microvascularisation, and mitoses. Sentinel lymph node metastases are essential targets that provide staging tools. Conjunctival melanoma and capsular nevi are diagnostic pitfalls. Conclusion: Melanoma can appear in various forms, and sometimes the diagnosis might be unclear. Today, immunohistochemistry remains the most important tool in confirming the diagnosis and prognosis for this type of neoplasia.
Melanoma is currently known as one of the most aggressive malignant tumors. The prognostic factors and particularities of this neoplasm are a persistent hot topic in the medical field. This review has multiple purposes. First, we aim to summarize the known data regarding the histological and immunohistochemical appearance of this versatile tumor and to look further into the analysis of several widely used prognostic markers, such as B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase BRAF. The second purpose is to analyze the data on the new prognostic markers, V-domain Immunoglobulin Suppressor of T cell Activation (VISTA) and Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). VISTA is a novel target that is considered to be highly important in determining the invasive potential and treatment response of a melanoma, and there are currently only a limited number of studies describing its role. PD-L1 is a marker with whose importance has been revealed in multiple types of malignancies, but its exact role regarding melanoma remains under investigation. In conclusion, the gathered data highlights the importance of correlations between these markers toward providing patients with a better outcome.
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