Actualities in the Morphology and Immunohistochemistry of Cutaneous and Ocular Melanoma: What Lies Ahead? A Single-Centre Study

Abstract

Melanoma is the most aggressive melanocytic tumor whose incidence is continuously increasing worldwide. Methods: We highlight the morphological, immunohistochemistry, and particularities of various melanoma types based on the cases diagnosed in our department from 2017 to 2021. Results: We present 100 melanoma cases and one capsular nevus case. The most common type was nodular melanoma. The immunohistochemistry markers used were SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10), S100 protein, human melanoma black 45 (HMB45), and melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (Melan-A). Uveal melanoma and conjunctival melanoma represent particular tumors with independent prognostic factors. Uveal melanoma requires assessment of macrophages, microvascularisation, and mitoses. Sentinel lymph node metastases are essential targets that provide staging tools. Conjunctival melanoma and capsular nevi are diagnostic pitfalls. Conclusion: Melanoma can appear in various forms, and sometimes the diagnosis might be unclear. Today, immunohistochemistry remains the most important tool in confirming the diagnosis and prognosis for this type of neoplasia.

H-VISTA Immunohistochemistry Score Is Associated with Advanced Stages in Cutaneous and Ocular Melanoma

“…The samples were embedded in paraffin and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin before undergoing hematoxylin-eosin staining. Diagnostic immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was conducted with an automated immunostainer (Benchmark GX; Ventana Medical Systems, Inc.; Tucson, AZ, USA) (project identification code: 19059/2022, data we previously published) [39].…”

Pathophysiology, Histopathology, and Differential Diagnostics of Basal Cell Carcinoma and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma—An Update from the Pathologist’s Point of View

“…Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells are positive for melanocyte markers and negative for CK AE1/AE3 and for CD3 or LCA. The genetic profile for a nodular melanoma shows mutations in the BRAF, CDKN2A, TP53, or TERT genes [1,[63][64][65]. Even though the treatment of NMSCs is currently based on surgical and oncological treatments and seems easily accessible by many patients, the COVID-19 pandemic had a very important role in the dermatological diagnostics, histopathological diagnostics, and treatment for these patients.…”