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Seed treatments are applied to soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) seeds to control early season diseases and insects. Unsold, treated soybean seed must be disposed in a different manner than untreated seed. To minimize treated seed disposal costs, it is necessary to improve seed storage. The objective of this study was to determine the best storage environments that would minimize deterioration of chemically treated soybean seed from different maturity groups and seed compositions. Twenty-four soybean varieties, different in lipid and protein contents, and from four maturity groups, were treated either with fungicide, a mixture of fungicide + insecticide, and untreated and were stored in three storage environments differing in temperature and relative humidity: a cold storage (CS), 10°C; a warm storage (WS), 25°C; and a warehouse, (WH). The seed viability and vigor were evaluated each 4 mo for 20 mo using standard germination and accelerated aging tests. Seed viability remained high throughout the study for seeds stored in CS (>92%) and moderate in the WS (>78%), but decreased to almost 0% after 20 mo in the WH. The seed viability of treated seed was significantly higher than that of untreated seed after 16 mo in the WH, while in the CS and WS the positive effects lasted for 20 mo. Maturity groups and protein content did not affect seed vigor, but seed lipid content did for seeds stored for 12 mo, regardless of storage environment. Treated soybean seeds could be carried over for two seasons if the storage temperature is maintained at 10oC and the relative humidity is below 40%. Disciplines Agricultural Science | Agronomy and Crop Sciences | Plant BiologyComments This is a manucript of an article published as Mbofung, Gladys CY, A. Susana Goggi, Leonor FS Leandro, and Russell E. Mullen. "Effects of storage temperature and relative humidity on viability and vigor of treated soybean seeds." ABSTRACTSeed treatments are applied to soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) seeds to control early season diseases and insects. Unsold, treated soybean seed must be disposed in a different manner than untreated seed. To minimize treated seed disposal costs, it is necessary to improve seed storage. The objective of this study was to determine the best storage environments that would minimize deterioration of chemically treated soybean seed from different maturity groups and seed compositions. Twenty-four soybean varieties, different in lipid and protein contents, and from four maturity groups, were treated either with fungicide, a mixture of fungicide + insecticide, and untreated and were stored in three storage environments differing in temperature and relative humidity: a cold storage (CS), 10°C; a warm storage (WS), 25°C; and a warehouse, (WH). The seed viability and vigor were evaluated each 4 mo for 20 mo using standard germination and accelerated aging tests. Seed viability remained high throughout the study for seeds stored in CS (>92%) and moderate in the WS (>78%), but decreased to almost 0% after 20 mo in the WH. The seed viab...

The Midwestern U.S. landscape is one of the most highly altered and intensively managed ecosystems in the country. The predominant crops grown are maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr]. They are typically grown as monocrops in a simple yearly rotation or with multiple years of maize (2 to 3) followed by a single year of soybean. This system is highly productive because the crops and management systems have been well adapted to the regional growing conditions through substantial public and private investment. Furthermore, markets and supporting infrastructure are highly developed for both crops. As maize and soybean production have intensified, a number of concerns have arisen due to the unintended environmental impacts on the ecosystem. Many areas across the Midwest are experiencing negative impacts on water quality, soil degradation, and increased flood risk due to changes in regional hydrology. The water quality impacts extend even further downstream. We propose the development of an innovative system for growing maize and soybean with perennial groundcover to recover ecosystem services historically provided naturally by predominantly perennial native plant communities. Reincorporating perennial plants into annual cropping systems has the potential of restoring ecosystem services without negatively impacting grain crop production and offers the prospect of increasing grain crop productivity through improving the biological functioning of the system.

With increasing use, manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) may enter soils and impact agriculture. Herein, soybean (Glycine max) was grown in soil amended with either nano-CeO (0.1, 0.5, or 1.0gkg soil) or nano-ZnO (0.05, 0.1, or 0.5gkg soil). Leaf chlorosis, necrosis, and photosystem II (PSII) quantum efficiency were monitored during plant growth. Seed protein and protein carbonyl, plus leaf chlorophyll, reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and genotoxicity were measured for plants at harvest. Neither PSII quantum efficiency, seed protein, nor protein carbonyl indicated negative MNM effects. However, increased ROS, lipid peroxidation, and visible damage, along with decreased total chlorophyll concentrations, were observed for soybean leaves in the nano-CeO treatments. These effects correlated to aboveground leaf, pod, and stem production, and to root nodule N fixation potential. Soybeans grown in soil amended with nano-ZnO maintained growth, yield, and N fixation potential similarly to the controls, without increased leaf ROS or lipid peroxidation. Leaf damage was observed for the nano-ZnO treatments, and genotoxicity appeared for the highest nano-ZnO treatment, but only for one plant. Total chlorophyll concentrations decreased with increasing leaf Zn concentration, which was attributable to zinc complexes-not nano-ZnO-in the leaves. Overall, nano-ZnO and nano-CeO amended to soils differentially triggered aboveground soybean leaf stress and damage. However, the consequences of leaf stress and damage to N fixation, plant growth, and yield were only observed for nano-CeO.