High-titer rabbit polyclonal antibodies to aflatoxin M(1) (AFM1) were produced by utilizing AFM1-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate as an immunogen. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was standardized for estimating AFM1 in milk and milk products. To avoid the influence of interfering substances present in the milk samples, it was necessary to prepare AFM1 standards in methanol extracts of certified reference material (CRM) not containing detectable AFM1 (< 0.05 ng/g). The reliability of the procedure was assessed by using CRM with AFM1 concentrations of < 0.5 and 0.76 ng/g. Also, assays of milk samples mixed with AFM1 ranging in concentration between 0.5 and 50 ng/L gave recoveries of > 93%. The relative cross-reactivity with aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A, assessed as the amount of AFM1 necessary to cause 50% inhibition of binding, was 5% for AFB1 and much less for AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2; there was no reaction with ochratoxin A. AFM1 contamination was measured in retail milk and milk products collected from rural and periurban areas in Andhra Pradesh, India. Of 280 milk samples tested, 146 were found to contain < 0.5 ng/mL of AFM1; in 80 samples it varied from 0.6 to 15 ng/mL, in 42 samples from 16 to 30 ng/mL, and in 12 samples from 31 to 48 ng/mL. Most of the milk samples that contained high AFM1 concentrations were obtained from periurban locations. The results revealed a significant exposure of humans to AFM1 levels in India and thus highlight the need for awareness of risk among milk producers and consumers.
Summary. Thermomucor indicae‐seudaticae Subrahmanyam et al. was found for the first time growing as commensal associated with pityriasis versicolor on the skin of a 25‐year‐old man living in a small village near Pune, Maharastra, India. The clinical observations and morphological characters are presented. A small percentage of zygospores was found to germinate in situ but further stages of development could not be found.
Zusammenfassung. Thermomucor indicae‐seudaticae Subrahmanyam et al. wurde zum ersten‐mal als Kommensale bei Pityriasis versicolor auf der Haut eines 25‐jährigen Mannes gefunden, der in einem Dorf nahe Pune, Maharastra, Indien, lebt. Es werden die klinischen Befunde und die morphologischen Charakteristika vorge‐stellt. Ein geringer Prozentsatz von Zygosporen war in situ ausgekeimt, weitere Entwicklungs‐stufen wurden jedoch nicht gefunden.
Summary: Fusarium laceratum A. Subrahm sp. nov. has been isolated from the skin of a living but debilitated lizard. The skin appeared glabrous mutilated and devoid of scales. The lesions are dry. The morphology and cultural characteristics are presented here.
Zusammenfassung: Fusarium laceratum sp. nov. wurde von der Haut eines lebendigen jedoch erkrankten Geckos isoliert. Die Haut war vernarbt, ohne Schuppenbildung und wies Verletzungen auf, die ausgetrocknet waren. Die Morphologie der neu beschriebenen Art und die Merkmale der in‐vitro‐Kultur auf Czapek‐Dox‐Agar und Glucose werden mitgeteilt.
<i>Thermoascus aurantiacus</i> bas been shown to be widely distributed in India on various substrates. Its growth characters at three different temperatures and five pH values have been studied. Its carbon and nitrogen requirements have been investigated at two different temperatures. Preliminary investigations showed that none of the isolates included in the present study are pathogenic.
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