The study mainly focuses on the status of production and marketing of large cardamom in Nepal and also compares these dimensions in the context of different countries. For the study mainly secondary data were collected from research articles, reports, publications and news articles. Large cardamom is the third most expensive crop and one of the major cash crops of Nepal. Nepal is the largest producer of large cardamom in the world followed by India and Bhutan. Taplejung, Sankhuwasabha, Panchthar and Illam are the four major districts that contribute more than 80% of the national production. Cardamom produced in Nepal is graded according to tail cutting after drying and packed in jute bag or plastic to export it to foreign countries. Nepal exports almost 90 percentage of its total cardamom production to India. In the global scenario, Guatemala is the largest exporter of cardamom (small and large combined) followed by India, Nepal, Singapore and Indonesia respectievly. It was found that the production of cardamom is declining in Nepal due to price fluctuation and viral diseases such as Chirkey, Furkey. Problem such as absence of unique HS code for large cardamom and ‘duplicate large cardamom’ are also seen in the market.
Diphyllobothrium latum, commonly known as “fish- tapeworm”, has a zoonotic importance as it causes Diphyllobothriasis in humans. Fish, one of the highly consumed meat sources by human, also acts as second intermediate host for D. latum. There are several reports indicating consumption of D. latum infested poorly cooked fish causing Diphyllobothriasis in human. Thus, D. latum in fish can be considered as a major risk factor for Diphyllobothriasis in humans. Despite being a public health concern, no scientific data regarding the prevalence of D. latum in fish population of commercial fish farms of Nepal exists. The objective of this study was to bridge this knowledge gap by estimating the prevalence of D. latum in commercial fish farms of Chitwan district of Nepal. The study was conducted in six municipalities of Chitwan, Nepal. Out of 46 registered fish farms of Chitwan district, 42 farms were sampled in this study. The fish sampled from each farm were brought to the Histology laboratory of Department of Aquatic Resource Management of Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal maintaining cold chain system and were dissected for feces collection. For qualitative parasitological examination of feces, sedimentation and centrifugal flotation method were used. Out of 42 farms sampled, 16 (38.10%) fish farms were found positive for presence of any kind of gastrointestinal parasites. Out 42 commercial fish farms examined, 9 (21.4%) farms were found positive for D. latum. Besides, D. latum fish farms were also found positive for Contracaecum sp. (19%), Coccidia (11.9%) and Eustrongyloides (2.4%). This research indicated that the prevalence of D. latum was more than 20% in commercial fish farms of Chitwan district showing possibility of zoonotic transmission to human population. Management practices of fish farmers must include ways to prevent D. latum infestation in fish population. Moreover, general public should be made aware about prevalence of D. latum in fish and its possible risk to human health along with its preventive measures for safe fish consumption.
With increasing incidence of drought and scant rainfall it has now become mandatory for farmers to opt to techniques like water harvesting to fulfil the demand of water for farming. The study was focused on the role of water harvesting on vegetable based income diversification of farmers in Tansen Municipality of Palpa. Altogether 120 water harvesting technology adopters were chosen using purposive and simple random technique to collect household level data from personal scheduled interview. In addition, focus group discussions (FGD) with farmer groups and key informant interviews (KII) with enablers were also conducted. Comparison between commercial and non-commercial farmers was carried out on different parameters using chi square test, t test and descriptive statistics. Findings revealed with the adoption of almost all farmers had changed their cereal based cropping pattern to vegetable based cropping pattern after they adopted water harvesting technology due to which vegetable share in total income was higher (47.6%) than cereal (2.03%). Average income from vegetable per household was NRs. 185,654 which was significantly higher in commercial farmers. Accessibility to road was also a major determinant of type of water harvesting structure adopted by farmers, its type and capacity. Income from vegetable, cereals and total income were significantly higher among farmers having direct access to road than farmers who did not. The benefit cost ratio, net present value and internal ABOUT THE AUTHORS Aadesh Subedi, Dharmendra Kalauni and Rita Khadka are an agriculture graduate from Agriculture and Forestry University, Ramupur, Chitwan, Nepal. Aadesh Subedi possesses interest in climate change and frequently writes news story based on environmental issues.Dharmendra Kalauni is a young researcher and youth activist. His area of interest includes agricultural and applied economics and statistics. He is currently working as Agriculture Extension Officer.Rita Khadka is an agriculture graduate with keen interest in research and innovation.
Citrus greening, also known as Huanglongbing (HLB), is one of the world's most devastating citrus diseases. In Asia, including Nepal, the disease is vectored by Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama)) that transmits the pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which is a fastidious, phloem-limited bacterium. Recently, the Sindhuli district of Nepal, well-known for sweet orange production, has been suspected of this destructive disease. Therefore, a detection survey on the vector was conducted by Plant Quarantine and Pesticide Management Centre, Lalitpur, in coordination with Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project, Project Implementation Unit, Sindhuli, during the second week of April 2021. The survey carried out on six major citrus growing pockets in the Sindhuli district revealed the presence of D. citri in the citrus orchards of Golanjor rural municipality ward no. 3, Sindhuli. Also, it was found that 2.96 percent and 20 percent of the surveyed citrus orchards of Sindhuli and Golanjor-3 were infested by D. citri, respectively. The existence of the vector in the orchards has increased the chances of citrus greening occurrence; however, tests like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can be helpful for the further confirmation of the disease in the region. In addition, the government should organize campaigns to make the citrus growers familiar with its vector insect-citrus psyllid, HLB, and its preventive and curative management measures as soon as possible to minimize the losses from the disease.
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