Short-term responses of soybean (Glycine max) cells to aluminium (AI) were studied in suspension culture. Formation of callose was the most sensitive indicator of AI effects. As low as 5 jaM A1 induced callose formation and an increase in callose concentration could be measured as early as 15 min after beginning the AI treatment.Also membrane permeability was rapidly affected by AI. Potassium net-efflux was reduced by increasing A1 concentrations up to 300/~M A1. Increasing the pH of the external solution from 4.3 to 5.3 enhanced callose formation, indicating more severe A1 damage at pH 5.3, which is in agreement with a model on H + amelioration of AI toxicity. A1 did not initiate or enhance ferrous sulfate (FeSO4)-promoted lipid peroxidation. The results indicate that the plasma membrane is a primary target of A1 and that cell suspension culture is a powerful tool to study effects of A1 on plant roots.
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