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There is an important relationship between odours and primary headaches. Patients may present osmophobia during headaches and odours may trigger headache attacks. This review aimed to describe the studies on osmophobia, odour-triggered headache, the main researchers and their research centres. Publications on the relationship between odours and primary headaches were searched in 193 sovereign countries and 48 dependent territories in all continents. We consulted the PubMed database and used the descriptors: "osmophobia in [name of the country or territory]"; "odours and headache in [name of the country or territory]" and "smell and headache in [name of the country or territory]". A total of 254 articles were found, but only 31 articles were considered relevant and composed this review. Of the 31 articles, 90.3% were cross-sectional studies, 6.5% case reports and 3.2% systematic reviews. All studies were performed on three continents: Europe (45.2%), America (32.2%) and Asia (22.6%). For the purpose of this study, North America and South America have been classed as one continent. No research was developed in Africa or Australia. More than 50.0% of the studies were conducted in Italy and Brazil. Only five authors published 38.7% of the studies. Osmophobia during headache attacks was investigated in 67.7% of studies, and odour-triggered headache in 19.3%. Studies on osmophobia and/or odour-triggered headache were carried out in several countries. They were useful in differentiating between migraine and tension-type headache. This could improve the accuracy of diagnosis of migraine compared to the current criteria.

We describe 3 fatal cases of interstitial pneumonitis rapidly evolving to pulmonary fibrosis and death after the administration of oxaliplatin as part of the FOLFOX regimen. Due to the widespread use of oxaliplatin in oncology, clinicians should be aware of the risk and severity of oxalipatin-induced interstitial pneumonia.

Hypnic headache (HH) is a rare primary headache disorder and pathophysiology is still poorly understood. It is considered a chronobiological disorder in almost all published cases. Few secondary cases have been described so far. We report a case of a 64‐year‐old woman presenting headaches exclusively during sleep and fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for HH, but a 72‐hour glucose monitoring showed hypoglycemia episodes related to the onset of headaches. To our knowledge, this is the first report of symptomatic HHs associated with hypoglycemia and it suggests direct evidence of HH due to a metabolic disorder.

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Background: Pulmonary carcinoids are a very rare group of neoplasia. Typical are the most frequent ones, with earlier onset than atypical carcinoids. There is no clear relationship with smoke. Most are indolent and carcinoid syndrome is rare. In the localized disease, surgery is the best choice. In locally advanced disease, radical radiotherapy can be considered. For the metastatic disease, systemic treatment with somatostatin analogs, multi-kinase inhibitors or chemotherapy can be proposed. Methods: We conducted a descriptive and retrospective study including all patients diagnosed with pulmonary carcinoid tumor between January 2013 and January 2018 were included (both localized and metastatic). Other neuroendocrine tumors of the lung were excluded. A Kaplan Meier survival analysis was carried out for each variable to study the overall survival. Results: Of the 42 patients included in the study, most were women (55% vs 45%) and were diagnosed in early stages (83%). Only 14% debuted with metastatic involvement. The main location was the right lung (60%). In 42%, the smoking status is known. Of them, 19% were smokers and 24%, ex-smokers (19% never smoked). 80.5% were diagnosed by cytology (88% as typical and 7.1% as atypical). 12% presented synchronous lung cancer (mostly adenocarcinoma). Localized disease was treated by surgery, mainly by lobectomy (54%). Stage IV patients (66.6%) received systemic treatment with analogs. At the time of the study, 92.7% were still alive (7.3% had died). There were significant differences between tumor stages (p < 0.05) to survival. Even so, there were nt differences related to age, smoking status or type of surgery. Conclusions: Most of these tumors exhibit a non-aggressive behavior. According to the previous bibliography, the vast majority are diagnosed in early stages. Radical surgery remains as the gold standard. Experienced centers, can use cytology as a diagnostic method, with less morbidity than biopsy. We did nt found a clear association with smoking status, though there was a clear trend towards to the group related to smoke. According to the literature, overall survival of these patients is long and mainly related to the tumor stage (survival at 2 years is > 85%). More studies will be needed to be able to clarify the prognostic impact of factors.

Urothelial tumors are one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy has been the standard first-line treatment for metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC). After nearly three decades of limited advances in the treatment, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are now available. Responses to immunotherapy (IO) may be long lasting and sustained but only occur in 20-30% of patients. Studies have shown that combining IO with different targeted therapies can lead to potentiating effects with promising results. The first result combining ICI plus chemotherapy shows positive outcomes over standard-of-care in first line mUC. The aim of this article is to review the results, the benefits and new challenges that the combination of chemotherapy and IO can bring to patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma.