The field experiment was conducted to study the effects different nitrogen (N) quantities (N0-120 kg ha -1 ) and application regimes (N applied at stages of tillering BBCH28-30 and flag leaf sheath opening BBCH47) on (i) the formation of winter triticale above ground biomass (AGB), (ii) the grain yield (iii) the yield quality, and also (iiii) to find more suitable N fertilizing regimes for winter triticale depending on their utilization. Winter rye and winter wheat were used as reference crops.The efficiency of applying all N at the tillering stage (N100%+N0) was the highest for the grain yield of triticale. N application at development stage of plants BBCH47 increased the grain protein concentration significantly and the increase by 1 kg N was the highest in triticale cultivars. More stabile grain yield was produced by triticales in application regime N+N. N splitting did not influence significantly either the duration of the grain-filling period or the dry matter accumulation rate of triticale. N splitting affected Hagberg falling number (HFN) indirectly through the effect on the grain yield formation and grain protein concentration. HFN was positively correlated with the grain yield and negatively with the grain protein concentration. The suitable N regimes are: 1) triticale as the energy plant -N60+N0 -N applied at the tillering stage of plants and suitable N norm is not more than 60 kg N ha -1; 2) triticale as a feed or food -N60+N60 -High grain yield, protein and lysine concentration level are assured then.
In grassland areas where herbage production has no economic value, the cut grass is often left on the sward surface where its decomposition is influenced by weather conditions. Although the influence of temperature and humidity on decomposition has been investigated under controlled lab conditions, experimentation has generally been under ideal moisture conditions that have not tested the combinations of climatic limitations that might occur in the field. The decomposition of mown turfgrass clippings deposited at different times of vegetation period was studied in situ using nylon bags during the first 8 weeks after deposition to investigate the effect of weather conditions (the air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation) on decomposition. Decomposition is the highest in the case of high air humidity and temperature of 108C. Limiting factors for decomposition at temperatures above 108C is the air humidity and below 108C the air temperature. The general tendency was that the rate of decomposition increased with increasing air temperature up to 108C, but with further increases of air temperature the decomposition rate slowed down. Relative air humidity had a variable impact (at the beginning of the decomposition process (weeks 1Á2) the influence was negative, during weeks 3Á8 of the decomposition process the effect was positive), and hence had no generalized relationship with decomposition over the studied decomposition period (weeks 1Á8). The most significant influence of weather conditions on the decomposition rate was recorded directly after cutting. If the cutting was done during hot weather conditions, the material was drying fast and therefore decomposed slowly. Our results indicate that for fast decomposition of clippings it is important to maintain the freshness of material. Lower decomposition rates occurred during conditions of hot and dry weather, and also cooler (temperature near to 08C) weather, and can be compensated as soon as favourable weather arrives.
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