The present article provides a detailed analysis of entropy generation on the unsteady three-dimensional incompressible and electrically conducting magnetohydrodynamic flow of a Casson nanofluid under the influence of mixed convection, radiation, viscous dissipation, Brownian motion, Ohmic heating, thermophoresis and heat generation. At first, similarity transformation is used to transform the governing nonlinear coupled partial differential equations into nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations, and then the resulting highly nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations are numerically solved by the utilization of spectral quasi-linearization method. Moreover, the effects of pertinent flow parameters on velocity distribution, temperature distribution, concentration distribution, entropy generation and Bejan number are depicted prominently through various graphs and tables. It can be analyzed from the graphs that the Casson parameter acts as an assisting parameter towards the temperature distribution in the absence of viscous and Joule dissipations, while it has an adverse effect on temperature under the impacts of viscous and Joule dissipations. On the contrary, entropy generation increases significantly for larger Brinkman number, diffusive variable and concentration ratio parameter, whereas the reverse effects of these parameters on Bejan number are examined. Apart from this, the numerical values of some physical quantities such as skin friction coefficients in x and z directions, local Nusselt number and Sherwood number for the variation of the values of pertinent parameters are displayed in tabular forms. A quadratic multiple regression analysis for these physical quantities has also been carried out to improve the present model’s effectiveness in various industrial and engineering areas. Furthermore, an appropriate agreement is obtained on comparing the present results with previously published results.
In recent years, nucleic acid has emerged as a versatile molecule that has been strategically used in material synthesis and biomedical applications. Keeping in mind the presence of the phosphate group, a glass former in the nucleic acids, we synthesized a transparent glass-like material by the thermal treatment of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) at 900 °C at atmospheric pressure. Characterization of this material by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and confocal fluorescence microscopy suggested the presence of in situ-formed nanodiamonds within the phosphate glass matrix. The molecular structure of glass investigated by X-ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopy indicated a nearly equal proportion of metaphosphates and smaller phosphate units (pyro-and orthophosphate) that form the phosphate glass matrix. Thereafter, in vitro biological experiments showed that the nucleic acid-derived glass was non-toxic and cytocompatible, enhanced extracellular matrix secretion, and increased intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity, with potential application in hard tissue engineering. Our work offers insights into nanodiamond synthesis at atmospheric pressure and proves that nucleic acids could be used as a precursor to making an innovative glass-ceramic biomaterial.
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